ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measured by the purchasing power standard (EL-27=100). Data: Eurostat. 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 EU (27 countries) 100 100 100 100 100 100 EU (15 countries) 115.3 113.2 112.8 112.2 111.7 110.3 Estonia 44.6 57.2 61.1 65.3 67.9 65.1 15 12 9 services goods total 6 3 0 % -3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 2.2. Change in consumer price index compared to the last year. Data: Statistics Estonia. Sources: • Eesti Pank website. [WWW] http://www.eestipank.info (15.06.2009) • Eesti statistika aastaraamat 2008. Statistical Yearbook of Estonia (2008). / Ed. S. Linnas. Tallinn: Statistics Estonia [WWW] http://www.stat.ee/18920 • Statistics database. [WWW] http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/dialog/statfile2.asp (15.06.2009) 20
2.2. Energy production and consumption Energy is a very important sector in the social and economic context, supplying the population with fuel, electricity and heat – this ensures social and economic well-being and transport of people and goods. In connection with the improved economic growth, energy consumption has also increased. Estonia’s most important local sources of energy (primary energy resources) are oil shale, peat and wood. Motor fuels and gas are imported. Up to 2000, energy production and consumption decreased but then started growing again. Primary energy production grew 17% in the period 2004–2007, primarily due to an increase in oil shale production. Electricity production grew 18%; domestic electricity, 13% (figure 2.3). About 20% of the electricity generated in 2007 was exported. Oil shale output has also increased; one-half is sold to foreign countries. Energy expenditures per kroon of gross domestic product has decreased, but energy expenditure in Estonia is still four times greater than the average for the European Union. Only Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania A exceed Estonia in terms of energy intensiveness. An increasing amount of renewable energy resources (biomass, hydro and wind energy) is being utilized for energy production. The use of renewable energy sources is growing but still makes up only 1.5% of total electricity consumption (figure 2.5). The use of all energy resources impacts the state of the environment. Production of energy from local raw materials gives Estonia energy independence, but unfortunately the oil-shale-based energy sector is to this point one of the greatest sources of environmental pollution. Precise data on the burden from the energy sector are listed in the respective chapters on Ambient Air, Water and Waste. Due to stringent environmental requirements and the growth of energy consumption, serious consideration is being lent to use of nuclear energy. Environmental risks are also associated with activities related to nuclear energy production, such as enrichment and transport of uranium ore, storage of enriched uranium, and processing and storage of radioactive nuclear waste. 250 200 end consumption of energy B production of primary energy GDP, chain index 150 index 1995=100 100 50 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 2.3. Energy production and consumption. Data: Statistics Estonia. A Increased electricity export output. (Mullu suurendas elektritoodangut eksport.) [WWW] http://www.stat.ee/18874 (16.06.2009) B Consumed directly without transformation to other types of energy. 21
Page 1: Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
Page 4 and 5: Published in the “Estonian Enviro
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
Page 8 and 9: 10. The environment and health 162
Page 10 and 11: Summary Socioeconomic background In
Page 12: Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
Page 15 and 16: 1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
Page 17 and 18: Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
Page 20 and 21: 2. The economy Estonia’s economy
Page 24 and 25: agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27: 2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74:
5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76:
Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78:
40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80:
other mobile pollution sources 0.04
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6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84:
Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86:
Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
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6. Water The existence of clean fre
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300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93:
6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
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250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97:
Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99:
6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101:
6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103:
6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
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Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
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6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108:
7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112:
7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114:
7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116:
7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
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7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
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partly attributable to unrealized p
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7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
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green network core areas and corrid
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8. Biological diversity Considering
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Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
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Species habitats The status of habi
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non-initiation of Natura environmen
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8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
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Management plans Currently there ar
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8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
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Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
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8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
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9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
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2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
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deposition in landfills other dispo
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Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
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10. The environment and health The
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a deficiency in the technical condi
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11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172:
and payment, rates and use of the s
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tion, environmental educational ini
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12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180:
Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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