ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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use of solvents 5% agriculture 0.3% combustion in the manufacturing industry 5% fuel distribution 6% industrial processes 2% other pollution sources 0.4% other mobile pollution sources 7% non-industrial combustion 30% road transport 24% combustion in the energy sector 21% Figure 5.3. Total emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors in NMVOC equivalent by each field of activity in 2007. Data: EEIC. 180 160 NMVOC CH 4 NO x CO 2015 target, programme (NO x and NMVOC) 2010 target, programme (NO x and NMVOC) 2010 target, legal acts (NO x and NMVOC) total, thousands of tonnes in NMVOC equivalent 140 120 122 emissions, thousands of tonnes in NMVOC equivalent 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 88 86 Figure 5.4. Emissions of NO x , CO, NMVOC and CH 4 in NMVOC equivalent, 1990–2007. Data: EEIC. 72
Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropospheric ozone precursors per capita 0 20 40 60 80 81 72 69 Spain 11% Bulgaria 2% Poland 9% Finland 2% Estonia 0.3% Latvia 0.2% Lithuania 0.2% Sweden 0.2% Estonia Poland 66 68 EU (27 countries) France 61 57 Lithuania Sweden 54 52 Germany 52 43 Germany 13% France 13% Other EU countries 50% share of emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors in the EU Figure 5.5. Tropospheric ozone precursor emissions (per capita vs total percentage) in NMVOC equivalent compared to neighbouring countries and major EU industrialized countries. Data: EEA, Eurostat. 5.2.3. Particulate matter and fine particles In recent years, more attention has begun to be paid in Europe and Estonia to particulate matter and to the risks that fine particles pose to human health. Particulate matter includes fine particles (basically, fine dust), which are complex mixtures of very small particles and liquid droplets. These particles consists of many components, including acids (nitrates and sulphates), organic compounds (polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals, and soil and dust particles. Particles with a(n) (aerodynamic) diameter smaller than 10 micrometers (PM 10 ) come above all from soil, road pavement and industrial enterprises. Fine particles, smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5 ), originate from vehicle emissions, various combustion processes (boiler plants, district heating, industrial enterprises) and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Scientific studies have proved that particulate matter, and especially fine and ultrafine particles (PM0.1 < 0.1 μm) may be damaging to the health at even lower concentrations than the limits currently in force. It is likely that fine particles account for the majority of the health impacts of air pollution in Estonian cities (see also chapter 10, “The environment and health”). In 1990–2006, total particulate matter emissions have dropped significantly – by a total of around 90%. In 2007 emissions grew slightly compared to 2006, in connection with increased oil shale combustion in the energy sector (figure 5.6). Pursuant to the requirements of the national emission ceilings directive, Estonia has set the goal of reducing emissions of particulate matter discharged into the ambient air from stationary and mobile sources of pollution so that by 1 January 2010, emissions would be under 25,510 tonnes; and from 2015, under 23,340 tonnes. If we compare particulate matter emissions by source of pollution in 1990 and 2007 (figure 5.7), we see that the three primary sources of pollution have remained the same, but their percentages have changed significantly. The percentage of particulate matter emissions in the energy sector and manufacturing industry has dropped 22% and 24%, respectively since 1990. This is due to the increase in efficiency of combustion devices and cleaning installations as well as from the decrease in electricity production and cement production. The share of non-industrial combustion has increased 33% as the importance of other sectors has declined. 73
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
Page 24 and 25: agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27: 2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
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8. Biological diversity Considering
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Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
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Species habitats The status of habi
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non-initiation of Natura environmen
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8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
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Management plans Currently there ar
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8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
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Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
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8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
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9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
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2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
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deposition in landfills other dispo
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Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
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10. The environment and health The
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a deficiency in the technical condi
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11. Economic instruments for enviro
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and payment, rates and use of the s
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tion, environmental educational ini
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12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
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Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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