ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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The wild boar population in recent years has been larger than ever before, according to existing records. This is above all due to the relatively mild winters, more intensive supplemental feeding, low levels of hunting of breeding sows on the part of hunters, and low wolf populations (the main natural enemy for wild boar). All of this has led to a significant increase in net population change indicators for wild boar and decreased natural mortality. Similarly to moose, wild boar numbers fell in the early 1990s, primarily due to intensive hunting as well as due to rapidly growing wolf abundance, reaching the minimum levels by the middle part of the decade (figure 3.19). Due to the drop in wolf populations and less hunting of boar, wild boar abundance has again been on the upswing since the second half of the 1990s. There is no monitoring of damage caused by wild boar, but it is known that losses caused to agriculture have become intolerably great in many areas. In the last 17 years, roe deer abundance has followed the same patterns as for the other bi-ungulates described above (figure 3.19). The reasons for the changes in abundance are also more or less the same as for the wild boar; only in the latter half of 1990s do we see, additionally, significant impact of the lynx as the roe deer’s primary natural enemy on net population growth. The decrease in the number of lynx and low hunting pressure on roe deer in the early years of this century led to a rapid increase in the numbers of roe deer. 2006 saw more extensive forest damage caused by roe deer primarily in young stands of spruce. Increased hunting quotas, along with the increase in the impact of lynx and wolf, have in recent years slowed the rapid growth of the roe deer and in some areas, a decline can already be noted. The abundance of roe deer last reached such a peak in the mid-1970s. The beaver is today not known as an attractive and valuable game animal; it is known primarily as a transformer of habitat. For some natural species, beaver activity can mean destruction of habitat – flooding of bodies of water – but for others it creates habitats. The latter can have only a short-term effect, acting as an “ecological trap”. Beavers that flood forest and agricultural land cause damage. Currently most suitable bodies of water have been settled by beaver colonies and their abundance is the highest it has been in the last several decades (figure 3.20). An attempt is being made to direct beaver hunting increasingly to areas where their activity results in inevitable damage. 20 000 15 000 roe deer wild boar hunting bag of animals hunted 10 000 5 000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 3.19. Hunting of wild boar and roe deer 1990–2008. Note: The changes in the abundance of wild boar and roe deer can be better tracked on the basis of hunting statistics, rather than census data, as the general census is based on subjective evaluation and unlike moose, the margin of error is too great for these data to be presented. Data: Centre for Forest Protection and Siviculture. 52
20 000 population size hunting bag 15 000 10 000 number of individuals 5 000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 3.20. Beaver census and hunting from 1990–2008. Data: Centre for Forest Protection and Siviculture. Read more: • Centre for Forest Protection and Siviculture website. [WWW] http://www.metsad.ee/eng/main_e.html (publications) • Forest Register. [WWW] http://register.metsad.ee/avalik/ • State Forest Management Centre website. [WWW] http://wwweng.rmk.ee/index_eng.php3 53
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
Page 4 and 5: Published in the “Estonian Enviro
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
Page 8 and 9: 10. The environment and health 162
Page 10 and 11: Summary Socioeconomic background In
Page 12: Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
Page 15 and 16: 1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
Page 17 and 18: Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
Page 20 and 21: 2. The economy Estonia’s economy
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
Page 24 and 25: agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27: 2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105:
Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107:
6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108:
7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112:
7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114:
7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116:
7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118:
7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120:
partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122:
7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124:
green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127:
8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131:
Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133:
non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135:
8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137:
Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139:
8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141:
Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143:
8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145:
Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
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9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152:
9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154:
The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156:
2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160:
deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162:
Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165:
10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167:
a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168:
11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172:
and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174:
tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177:
12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179:
12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180:
Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186:
Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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