ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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2.4. Transport Transport gives people the possibility of moving and transporting goods over land and water and by air, and has a decisive importance for socioeconomic development. In recent years, the number of vehicles – primarily passenger vehicles – has grown (figure 2.7). In five years, about 100,000 passenger vehicles have been registered while the number of trucks and buses has remained fairly stable. Whereas in 1990, there were 154 cars per 1000 people and in 2003, 321; there were 412 cars in 2008. The increase in automobiles has been caused by a number of factors: economic growth, the consumer spending boom, sprawl, inefficient public transport systems in cities, especially in rural areas, underemployment in the countryside and the resulting commuting between countryside and city. Of registered vehicles, old ones – over 10 years in age — are in the majority. The percentage of over 10-yearold motorcycles, passenger cars and trucks is between 50–60%, but 70% in the case of buses. With each year, the share of new vehicles under 2 years old grows – in 2005, the share of new vehicles was 7%, and in 2008, it had risen to 10%. About 70% of motor vehicles run on petrol and 30% on diesel fuel; types of vehicles that consume more fuel, such as buses and trucks mainly use diesel. Passenger and freight numbers increased from 2003– 2007 — in 2007 freight and passenger volumes were, respectively 15% and 37% higher than they were in 2003 (figure 2.8). Traffic has decreased slightly along with the recession — according to the Road Administration, traffic had decreased by 4% throughout the national road network compared to 2007. Road transport pollutes the air and soil, creates noise and disrupts ecosystems, while building roads destroys or fragments habitats. Road transport is one of the greatest sources of air pollution, apart from the energy sector. Improved fuel quality, use of catalytic converters and more efficient motor vehicles have helped reduce amounts of emissions (CO, CO 2 , NO x ) as well as heavy metals (lead in particular) at the same time that the number of vehicles has grown. 800 700 600 automotive petrol, thousands of tonnes diesel fuel, thousands of tonnes number of vehicles, thousands trend in the use of petrol trend in the use of diesel fuel trend in the number of vehicles 500 400 300 200 thousands 100 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 2.7. Number of registered motor vehicles (passenger vehicles and trucks, buses and motorcycles) use of petrol and diesel fuel in road transport. Note: The number of vehicles decreased in 2001, as cars not re-registered by 1 July 2001 were omitted from the calculation in the course of reorganization of the Motor Vehicle Registry database. Data: ARK, Statistics Estonia. 24
freight turnover chain index of GDP passenger turnover number of vehicles nitrogen oxides from moving sources of pollution volatile organic compounds from moving sources of pollution 350 lead from moving sources of pollution 300 250 200 150 index 1995=100 100 50 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 2.8. Transport and the environment. Data: Statistics Estonia, EEIC. Sources: • Estonian Road Administration website. [WWW] http://www.mnt.ee (03.03.2009) • National Motor Vehicle Register website. [WWW] http://www.ark.ee (statistics, annual reports) (03.03.2009) • The Estonian Environment Information Centre website. [WWW] http://www.keskkonnainfo.ee (03.03.2009) 25
Page 1: Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
Page 4 and 5: Published in the “Estonian Enviro
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
Page 8 and 9: 10. The environment and health 162
Page 10 and 11: Summary Socioeconomic background In
Page 12: Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
Page 15 and 16: 1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
Page 17 and 18: Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
Page 20 and 21: 2. The economy Estonia’s economy
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
Page 24 and 25: agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78:
40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80:
other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82:
6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84:
Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86:
Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89:
6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91:
300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93:
6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95:
250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97:
Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99:
6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101:
6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103:
6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105:
Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107:
6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108:
7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112:
7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114:
7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116:
7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118:
7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120:
partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122:
7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124:
green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127:
8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131:
Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133:
non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135:
8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137:
Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139:
8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
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Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143:
8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146:
9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156:
2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160:
deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162:
Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165:
10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167:
a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168:
11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172:
and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174:
tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177:
12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179:
12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180:
Appendix
Page 183 and 184:
year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186:
Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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