ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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5.2.5. Persistent organic pollutants Persistent organic pollutants remain in the environment in a stable form, travel long distances, accumulate in fatty tissue and are toxic. The primary sources of airborne organic pollutants in Estonia are energy production units at power plants – burning of oil, peat and wood chips in the energy sector, along with combustion of heavy and light fuel oil and shale oil. A large share of the persistent organic pollutants is generated by combustion processes in households (combustion of solid fuels). In 2007, emissions of PAH amounted to 13.219 tonnes, which is 8% more than in 1990 and 11% higher than in 2006 (figure 5.14). This is related to an increase in combustion in the energy sector. The drop in the interim period can be attributed to reduced economic activity. The high emissions from 1995–1997 are due to the fact that boiler plants began making more extensive use of wood chips instead of liquid fuels and gas. Persistent organic pollutants also include dioxins, which are mainly generated as by-products in industrial processes and by combustion of organic fuels and waste. Especially high levels of emissions are discharged in uncontrolled incineration of waste in households and in landfill, forest and spring brush clearing fires. Dioxin emissions are also high in the case of burning of hospital waste. By 2007, dioxin emissions had fallen 15% compared to 1990 (figure 5.15). Compared to 2006, a 45% increase took place, due to the increase in combustion in the energy sector. The increases in dioxin emissions in the interim years were caused by an increase in the non-industrial combustion in the mid-1990s and an increase in incineration in the manufacturing industry in 2003. The target for dioxin emissions established by the NEC programme is not to exceed a level of 3.51 g I-TEQ E by 2010 and 3.46 g I-TEQ by 2015. These targets can be achieved if implementation of emissions reduction measures continues. In 2007, the greatest amount of dioxins was discharged by the following sectors: combustion in the energy sector 40%, combustion in domestic households (non-industrial burning of fuels) 34%, combustion in the manufacturing industry 19%, and boiler plants that burn hazardous waste 6% (figure 5.16). 20 15 10 5 tonnes 0 12 12 8 7 9 14 17 17 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 13 12 13 12.15 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010/ 2015 Figure 5.14. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 1990–2007 and the target for 2010 and 2015. Note: The diagram shows cumulative data for emissions of four PAHs: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Data: EEIC. E g I-TEQ – dioxin emissions unit, international toxicity equivalent or poisoning caused by a mixture of dioxin-like compounds. 78
6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30 3.55 3.82 4.51 4.90 4.78 3.82 3.39 3.36 3.46 3.69 4.07 3.73 3.27 2.66 4.79 3.51 3.46 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010 2015 Figure 5.15. Dioxin emissions in 1990–2007 and the target for 2010 and 2015. Data: EEIC. waste incineration 8% combustion in the energy sector 42% road transport 4% non-industrial combustion 21% non-industrial combustion 34% road transport 1% waste incineration 6% 1990 2007 combustion in the energy sector 40% combustion in the manufacturing industry 25% combustion in the manufacturing industry 19% Figure 5.16. Distribution of dioxin emissions by field of activity in 1990 and 2007. Data: EEIC. 79
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
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Species habitats The status of habi
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non-initiation of Natura environmen
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8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
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Management plans Currently there ar
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8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
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Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
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8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
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9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
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2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
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deposition in landfills other dispo
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Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
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10. The environment and health The
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a deficiency in the technical condi
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11. Economic instruments for enviro
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and payment, rates and use of the s
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tion, environmental educational ini
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12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
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Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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