ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundwater status Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, which is why monitoring the status of groundwater is of key importance. The Water Act stipulates that the status of groundwater must be kept as close to natural as possible. This objective is set out in Minister of the Environment regulation no. 47 of 10 May 2004, “Water classes for groundwater bodies, values of quality indicators corresponding to water classes and procedures for determining water classes”. A total of 15 different groundwater bodies have been identified in Estonia on the basis of the primary groundwater layers, and the status of each is evaluated according to various qualitative indicators (figure 6.11). The status of the Ordovician Ida-Viru oil shale basin groundwater body is poor due to high sulphate content, high mineral content, hardness and presence of hazardous substances (above all phenols). In addition to Ida-Viru County, limited groundwater contamination or quality impairment is seen above all in the case of the Silurian-Ordovician groundwater bodies with unprotected groundwater in all of Estonia. The overall qualitative status of other groundwater bodies in Estonia can be considered good. 300 250 200 sulphate chloride nitrate The Pandivere and Adavere-Põltsamaa nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ) has a territory of 3250 km 2 , which is 7% of Estonia’s total area. The quality of the upper groundwater layers of the NVZ improved (as measured by nitrate ion concentration) up until 1995, after which time the groundwater quality was relatively stable. Starting in 2006, nitrate concentration has risen significantly. In the Pandivere area’s groundwater, nitrate concentration rose in 2008 to the highest levels of the post-independence period (figure 6.12). The reason for this is the resumption of intensive agricultural production, but apparently also the weather conditions in 2007–2008 – the warm winter of 2007 and the rainy summer of 2008 promoted leaching of nitrates from the soil into surface water and groundwater. There are few data on how agriculture impacts groundwater outside of the NVZ. In 2006, the contamination of the Tapa water intake areas located in a nitrate vulnerable area was likely caused by the careless use of organic fertilizers in the vicinity of the catchment area. A fair number of residual polluted areas – former military and industrial sites – originate from the so-called socialist era and pose a direct threat to the environment. All of the abandoned hazardous liquid waste, including storage tanks containing oil shale waste from old asphalt concrete plants, must be eliminated. Keeping the water quality good in upper groundwater layers allows them to be used instead of deeper layers that are naturally more heavily fluoridated and too high in radiation and to save on expenses on treating water to produce drinking water. Nor would money then have to be spent on removing fluoride ions and radium from water. 150 100 50 mg/l 0 Cambrian-Vendian Gdov Cambrian-Vendian Voronka Cambrian-Vendian Ordovician-Cambrian Ordovician Ida-Viru Ordovician Ida-Viru oil shale basin Silurian-Ordovician Western Archipelago Silurian-Ordovician Western Estonia Silurian-Ordovician Eastern Estonian under Devonian sediments Silurian-Ordovician Eastern Estonian Silurian-Ordovician Eastern Estonian under Devonian sediments Middle and Lower Devonian Middle Devonian Upper Devonian Quaternary Vasavere Quaternary Meltsiveski Quaternary, other Figure 6.11. Average values of selected quality indicators for groundwater bodies, 2006–2008. Data: EEIC. 96
all monitoring points in Adavere-Põltsamaa area 80 70 continuously monitored wells in Adavere-Põltsamaa area (18 wells) Pandivere area wells Pandivere area springs permitted nitrate ion concentration in drinking water 60 50 40 30 NO 3 mg/l 20 10 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 6.12. Changes in nitrate concentrations in upper groundwater layers in Pandivere and Adavere-Põltsamaa NVZ in 1989–2008. Data: EEIC. Lääne-Viru county Lääne-Viru county Järva county Counties Järva county Counties Nitrate vulnerable zone Nitrate vulnerable zone NO3 mg/l NO3 trend 0,0 - 25,0 mg/l NO3 25,1 - 40,0 mg/l NO3 40,1 - 50,0 mg/l NO3 > 50 mg/l NO3 High increment (> +5 mg/l) Low increment (+1 kuni +5 mg/l) Stable (-1 kuni +1 mg/l) Low decrement (-1 kuni -5 mg/l) High decrement (> -5 mg/l) Jõgeva county Jõgeva county Map 6.3. Average nitrate concentration in groundwater in NVZ and changes in the last decade. Data: EEIC. 97
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
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2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
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deposition in landfills other dispo
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Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
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10. The environment and health The
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a deficiency in the technical condi
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11. Economic instruments for enviro
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and payment, rates and use of the s
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tion, environmental educational ini
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12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
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Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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