ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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1200 pollution charge, revenue received by the state budget mineral extraction charge, revenue received by the state budget millions of kroons 1000 800 600 400 200 0 water abstraction charge, revenue received by the state budget environmental charges, revenue received by the local government budget 502 82 63 218 648 113 80 267 633 120 85 284 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 11.1. Revenue from environmental charges 1994–2008. Note: The figure reflects only revenue from pollution charges, charge for water abstraction and mineral extraction. Data: Ministry of the Environment. 11.4. Funding environmental protection measures The environmental charges implemented in Estonia are considered fairly effective as environmental protection instruments. Due to environmental charges, especially the implementation of higher rates in the case of non-conformity to the requirements, environmental investments have increased. Environmental charges have been a factor in the renovation of waste water treatment equipment, installation of pollutant filtration equipment, establishment of landfills, more effective use of resources and much more. It should be borne in mind that the impact of environmental charges is never seen right away as the implementation of environmental protection measures from planning investments to the actual reduction of pollution is a very lengthy process. The funds received in the state budget from environmental use are used pursuant to the Environmental Charges Act – they are routed through Environmental Investment Centre (SA Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskus, KIK) for promoting environmental protection. The KIK’s environment programme is the state’s primary measure for funding environmental protection. A total 3.4 billion kroons in support was paid through the environment programme in 2000–2008 (figure 11.2). In connection with the fact that the European Union has established stringent deadlines for bringing drinking water, water treatment and sewerage systems into conformity, a large share of the revenue from environmental charges has been used to bring water economy into conformity with the requirements. There have also been significant resources invested into bringing landfills and waste disposal into compliance with the requirements. A total of about 2 billion kroons was invested into water and waste management infrastructure in 2000–2008 through the environment programme. In addition, beneficiaries have made their own contributions. Local governments have received a very significant share of support for their environmental investments. For instance, many local governments used state support to close landfills that did not conform to the requirements (including Kilingi-Nõmme, Moora landfill), or to build waste stations and collection points (Lääne County, city of Võru etc). Wastewater treatment centres owned and operated by local governments have been renovated (Elva, Türi) and water and sewerage pipelines have been constructed (Keila, Võhma etc). In the field of nature conservation, many significant projects have been funded: among others, maintenance has been performed in conservation areas, efforts mounted to combat non-native species, investment have been made into nature protection infrastructure. In the field of forestry, there have been significant resources contributed to the development of private forestry. In the environmental management field, noteworthy support has been provided to renovation of heating systems and reducing the environmental impacts of the energy sector, as well as ensuring the capability of monitoring and carrying out fuel monitoring. Subsurface surveying has also been performed. In the framework of the environmental awareness programme, funding has gone to improved availability of environmental informa- 170
tion, environmental educational initiatives and production and publishing of environmental protection related materials, pamphlets and information media. Besides the environment programme, foreign aid is an important source of funding for environmental investments. In 2005–2008, Estonia received about 2 billion kroons in foreign aid for developing the country’s environmental protection infrastructure. Support primarily came from the EU’s Cohesion Fund, of which three-quarters (1.5 billion) was used for various investments into water economy, related to improvement of the quality of drinking water and organizing the collection and treatment of wastewater. Large-scale water economy projects took place in the Emajõgi and Võhandu river drainage area, the Matsalu drainage area and the hydrographic basin of the Pärnu River. The city of Narva’s water and wastewater pipes and wastewater treatment facility and the Kohtla-Järve wastewater treatment system were also renovated. In the waste management sector, funding was provided for the closing of ash field no. 2 at Balti power plant and restructuring of Pärnu’s waste treatment sector. In the period from 2005–2008, about 4.8 billion kroons was provided from various sources for environmental protection measures (figure 11.3). The data do not reflect all resources spent on environmental protection projects. To get a full picture, we should also include co-financing for projects funded from the environmental programme, and expenses for other environmental projects (that did not receive state (co-)financing) incurred by local government and businesses. nature conservation 364 waste handling 647 forestry 240 environmental management 287 millions of kroons environmental awareness 222 fishing 174 county 96 2000 support from state budget (environment programme) foreign aid co-financed from state budget foreign aid other 8 1500 water economy 1395 673 Figure 11.2. Distribution of financing of each field in the environment programme in 2000–2008. Note: The data reflect the actual disbursements. Data: KIK. millions of kroons 1000 500 0 366 32 487 70 485 143 319 614 579 689 2005 2006 2007 2008 395 Figure 11.3. Funding for environmental projects in 2005–2008. Note: The data reflect actual disbursements in the specified years. Data: Ministry of the Environment, KIK. Read more: • Environmental Investment Centre webpage. [WWW] http://www.kik.ee/?setlang=eng • Environmental Taxes. Final Report. (<strong>2009</strong>). Tallinn : Statisics Estonia [WWW] http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/ portal/environmental_accounts/publications/ economic_environmental_accounts • Lüpsik , S. (2008). Estonian Ecological Tax Reform Successfully Launched. – Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation. International and Comparative Perspectives Volume V. Hardback : Oxford. • Ministry of the Environment website. [WWW] http://www.envir.ee/1106192 (environmental economics) 171
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
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Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
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15 increment felling volume optimum
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3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
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3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
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20 000 population size hunting bag
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4. Weather patterns and causes of c
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o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
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4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
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According to Statistics Estonia, CF
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5. Ambient air
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5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
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5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
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Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
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40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
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other mobile pollution sources 0.04
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6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
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Compared to years past, the number
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Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
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6. Water The existence of clean fre
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300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
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6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
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250 wastewater volume total phospho
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Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
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6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
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6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
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6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
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Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
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6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
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7. Soil and land use
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7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
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7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
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7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
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7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
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partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 149 and 150: 20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156: 2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
Page 157 and 158: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160: deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179: 12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180: Appendix
Page 183 and 184: year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186: Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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