ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3. Forestry The diversity, extent and importance of the values that forests offer to humanity have been acknowledged in a number of international forums. The principles set forth in the Statement of Principles of Forests declaration of the UN Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 can be considered to be first principles of sustainable management and conservation of forests to be recognized worldwide. Of the regional efforts that continued where the Rio conference left off, the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe is the most important. Principles for the sustainable management of forests, along with the measures for implementing them, were agreed upon at the level of ministers responsible for forestry. According to the Estonian Forestry Policy D (1997), Estonian forests have great natural and ecological value. On the other hand, the basis of forest policy is the understanding that the Estonian forestry sector has strong potential for generating material and social benefits through income-earning activity and the use of forestry must be promoted to the extent that other benefits and virtues such as environmental ones do not suffer. The Estonian forestry policy, approved by the Government of the Republic and the Riigikogu, reflects the aspirations to comply with international obligations. The forestry development plan implements the principles of resolutions adopted by the Ministerial Conference for the Protection of Forests in Europe. In addition, there has been an attempt to follow the recommendations set forth in the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s corresponding basic document (National Forest Programmes; the Concept and its Potential). The strategic objectives for forestry are derived from the Estonian forestry development plan up to 2010. It stipulates that the productivity, renewal capacity and vitality of forests must be preserved to ensure the longand short-term production of benefits from forests. The preservation of all of the current elements of biological diversity in Estonian forests must also be guaranteed. 3.3.1. Forest area and growing stocks Total forested area and growing stock has increased significantly in the last half-century (figure 3.10). Forest encompasses about one-half of Estonia’s territory – taking into account Estonia’s total area, forest makes up around 49%; without Lake Peipsi included, forest accounts for 50,6% of Estonia. The primary reasons for the increase in forest area and growing stock are the afforestation of land no longer used in agriculture and drainage of wetlands (1960–1980). In addition forest area and growing stock data have increased due to changes in the methods used to inventory forests. Forest resources data have been released since 1999 on the basis of National Forest Inventory data. Data in years past were based on data from forest management planning (stand-wise forest inventory). 5 250 4 3 forest land area, millions of hectares growing stock, 100 million m 3 average volume per ha 200 150 2 100 1 50 0 0 Figure 3.10. Forest area and growing stock volume and change in the volume per hectares of stands. Data: 1958–1994 – stand-wise forest inventories, National Forest Inventory. Centre for Forest Protection and Siviculture. D Eesti Metsapoliitika (Estonian Forestry Policy) RTI, 26.06.1997, 47, 768. http://www.riigiteataja.ee/ert/act.jsp?id=73663 44
Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare of stands E in 2008, in m 3 /ha Data: Forest Register. E Average volume per hectare of stands (m 3 /ha) – volume of growing forest per hectare. Determined on the basis of the sum of per-hectare stock of all stand elements. The per-hectare stock of a stand element is calculated on the basis of the stand’s height, basal area and stocking density or number of trees. 45
Page 1: Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
Page 4 and 5: Published in the “Estonian Enviro
Page 6 and 7: Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
Page 8 and 9: 10. The environment and health 162
Page 10 and 11: Summary Socioeconomic background In
Page 12: Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
Page 15 and 16: 1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
Page 17 and 18: Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
Page 20 and 21: 2. The economy Estonia’s economy
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
Page 24 and 25: agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27: 2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97:
Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99:
6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101:
6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103:
6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105:
Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107:
6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108:
7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112:
7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114:
7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116:
7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118:
7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120:
partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122:
7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124:
green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127:
8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129:
Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131:
Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133:
non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135:
8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137:
Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139:
8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141:
Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143:
8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146:
9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152:
9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154:
The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156:
2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160:
deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162:
Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165:
10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167:
a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168:
11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172:
and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174:
tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177:
12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179:
12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180:
Appendix
Page 183 and 184:
year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186:
Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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