ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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9. Waste In the field of waste, the years 2004–2007 were characterized above all by changes occasioned by Estonia’s accession to the European Union in 2004. A new Waste Act came into force then, along with the Packaging Act and legal acts established on their basis. The waste management situation was also impacted by rapid economic growth. Increased production of oil shale energy and oil, industrial output and consumption led to increased amounts of waste generated. Noteworthy changes in the restructuring of the field of waste handling included a consistent reduction in the number of landfills not in conformity with environmental requirements, the increase in the waste recovery rate (including packaging waste), development of collection of municipal waste by category and the successful implementation of the deposit system for beverage packages. The waste transport system organized by local governments does not yet cover all local governments, but it has made it possible to expand waste transport services to rural areas. There has been investment into a network of waste stations (regional waste collection and sorting facilities) that allowed inhabitants to return recoverable waste free of charge. The hazardous waste collection network has grown, with new waste recovery stations and new collection points. New legislative provisions in the field of products of concern and packaging and the entry into force of EU directives has expanded implementation of the principle of producers’ responsibility. Legal acts have also promoted the creation of producers’ responsibility organizations that act on behalf of manufacturers to create collection networks for collection and recovery of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), used tyres and packaging. There has also been an increase in the number of end-of-life vehicle collection and demolition points conforming to environmental requirements. Changes in the development of waste treatment have led to innovations in accounting for waste, and collection and processing of data on waste. 9.1. Legal background Strategic objectives for the waste sector are established based on the general European Union and Estonian environment policy, the main goal of which is to avoid waste generation and promote recovery, including reuse and recycling. The development of waste treatment in 2004–2007 has been primarily based on the Riigikogu’s national waste management plan approved in 2002. In 2008, the Government approved a new waste management plan that sets forth general development areas in the waste management sector up to the year 2013. The strategic objectives for the waste sector, measures for achieving them and indicators for measuring performance derive from these documents. In the field of legislation, the Waste Act should be mentioned; it sets forth general requirements for waste prevention and the avoidance of health and environmental hazards stemming from waste, along with waste management procedures for reducing the hazardousness of waste and liability for violation of the requirements. The Waste Act also stipulates the precise extent and conditions of the principle of waste transport organized by local governments. The national packaging waste collection and recovery system is based on the Packaging Act adopted in 2004. 9.2. Waste generation Over the years, the amount of waste generated has increased; the greatest growth has taken place with regard to non-hazardous waste in the last five years, crossing the 20 million tonne mark in 2006 (figure 9.1). The generation of hazardous waste has been relatively stable from one year to the next, averaging 7 million tonnes a year. In 2003–2007, over 80% of waste was generated in industry, with 72% of all waste generation comprising waste related to the oil shale industry and energy sector (figure 9.3). A significant share of industrial waste was generated by the timber industry and cement industry and this waste was largely directed to recovery. The primary reason for the increase in amounts of waste is general economic and commercial growth. The relative change in GDP compared to waste generation shows that waste generation has grown less than economic growth (figure 9.2). Energy production based on oil shale is and will continue to be the most waste-intensive industrial sector in Estonia, as long as technology and production volumes do not undergo major change (figure 9.3). 146
20 total waste generated hazardous waste non-hazardous waste 18.4 17.4 18.5 20.0 21.2 16 12 13.4 14.7 14.4 13.0 10.8 11.6 12.8 14.4 8 millions of tonnes 4 0 6.1 7.3 7.0 7.7 7.0 7.4 6.7 6.3 5.2 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.6 6.2 8.0 6.4 10.9 7.5 10.2 7.2 11.5 7.0 13.2 6.8 12.6 8.6 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 9.1. Generation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, 1995–2007. Data: EEIC. 250 municipal waste generation waste generation 200 GDP 150 index, 1995 = 100 100 50 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 9.2. Change in waste generation and GDP in 1995–2007, as an index, baseline level 1995. Data: EEIC. other industrial waste (including wastewater treatment) 8% construction waste 10% waste from agriculture and foodstuff processing 3% waste from oil shale industry and energy sector waste 72% municipal waste 3% other waste 4% Figure 9.3. Average distribution of waste generation by sector in 2003–2007. Data: EEIC. 147
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
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Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
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15 increment felling volume optimum
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3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
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3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
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20 000 population size hunting bag
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4. Weather patterns and causes of c
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o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
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4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
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According to Statistics Estonia, CF
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5. Ambient air
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5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
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5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
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Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
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40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
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other mobile pollution sources 0.04
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6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
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Compared to years past, the number
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Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
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6. Water The existence of clean fre
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300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
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6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
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250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156: 2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
Page 157 and 158: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160: deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174: tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179: 12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180: Appendix
Page 183 and 184: year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186: Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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