ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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Since 2000, Estonia has kept statistics on particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of under 10 micrometers (PM 10 ) as well as particulate matter under 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM 2.5 ). Even though emissions of respirable fraction particles (PM 2.5 ) in the first years that statistics were recorded (2000–2002) grew 8.6% in connection with increased emissions in transport and the manufacturing industry, the trend for PM 10 and PM 2.5 declined until 2006 (figure 5.8). In 2007 emissions of PM 10 and PM 2.5 grew fairly suddenly as the amount of oil shale burned in the energy sector grew. Pursuant to the NEC programme C the goal set for 2010 was to reduce PM 10 emissions to 17,330 tonnes and PM 2.5 emissions to 14,770 tonnes. By 2015 emissions must fall to 16,520 and 14,640 tonnes, respectively. Comparing Estonia in terms of fine particle emission to other European Union countries on a per capita basis, Estonia cannot be satisfied with its result as PM 10 emissions per capita exceed the average level of the EL 25 D countries more than threefold even though total emissions in 2006 accounted for less than 1% of the amount of PM 10 discharged into the ambient air by the 25 European Union countries (figure 5.9). 300 250 emissions, thousands of tonnes 200 150 100 50 0 282 281 252 199 178 137 126 103 91 89 77 75 55 51 48 40 30 38 25.51 23.34 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010 2015 Figure 5.6. Emissions of total particulate matter from 1990–2007 (total) and targets pursuant to the NEC programme for 2010 and 2015. Data: EEIC. non-industrial combustion 4% combustion in the manufacturing industry 32% other pollution sources 3% other pollution sources 16% combustion in the energy sector 39% 1990 2007 combustion in the energy sector 61% combustion in the manufacturing industry 8% non-industrial combustion 37% Figure 5.7. Total particulate matter emissions by sources of pollution in 1990 and 2007. Other sources of pollution: various industrial processes, road transport, mobile pollution sources, distribution of fuel (at terminals, filling stations, gaseous fuel distribution) and agriculture. Data: EEIC. 74 C NEC programme – the main objective of the programme is to reduce emissions of pollutants into ambient air and to protect human health and the environment from the harmful effect of pollutants pursuant to international obligations arising from the Geneva Conventions and protocols thereto as well as to requirements of EU legal acts. For more, visit http:// www.envir.ee/462236 D The 25 countries of the European Union – EU member states not including Bulgaria and Greece, as there are no data for these countries.
40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) particulate matter (PM 10 ) 30 emissions, thousands of tonnes 25 20 15 10 5 0 37 21 37 23 33 23 30 21 30 22 26 20 20 15 28 20 17.33 14.77 16.52 14.64 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010 2015 Figure 5.8. Emissions of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and fine particulate matter(PM 2.5 ) in 2000–2007 and the target for emissions of fine particles for 2010 and 2015 pursuant to the NEC programme. Note: Emissions are obtained on the basis of expert reports and are not based on data gathered by companies. Data: EEIC. Estonia Finland France Poland Latvia Sweden EU (25 countries)* Spain Lithuania Germany *no data available for Bulgaria and Greece particulate matter emissions per capita 0 3 6 9 12 15 15 10 8 7 7 5 4 4 3 2 other EU countries 44% Lithuania 0.5% Estonia 1% Latvia 1% Sweden 2% Finland 2% Spain 8% Germany 8% Poland 12% France 21% share of emissions of particulate matter generated in the EU Figure 5.9. Emissions of particulate matter (PM 10 ) in 2006 in neighbouring countries and major EU industrialized countries in PM 10 equivalent. Data: EEA, Eurostat. 75
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27: 2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65: agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
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8. Biological diversity Considering
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Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
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Species habitats The status of habi
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non-initiation of Natura environmen
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8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
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Management plans Currently there ar
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8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
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Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
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8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
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9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
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2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
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deposition in landfills other dispo
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Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
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10. The environment and health The
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a deficiency in the technical condi
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11. Economic instruments for enviro
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and payment, rates and use of the s
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tion, environmental educational ini
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12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
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Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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