ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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8.2.3. Achieving protection of biological diversity and targets Estonia’s national strategy for sustainable development “Sustainable Estonia 21” (up to 2030) sets forth the goal of placing 5% of Estonia’s territory out of any economic use by 2010. As of the end of 2008, the percentage is 4.1% (figure 8.11). To achieve the goal, it would be necessary to take an additional approximately 39,000 hectares of land under the same protective regime in <strong>2009</strong>. Of the various habitats, marshes account for the most land under the strictest level of protection (a total of nearly 95,000 hectares), followed by coniferous forests with 40,000 hectares and sea areas with 30,000 hectares. This result was to be expected, as in general human intervention is not necessary in order to keep a diverse biota in these habitats. The Estonian Environmental Strategy 2030 defines the target level of areas with conservation restrictions on land at 18%, which was achieved in 2005, after the creation of the Natura 2000 areas, and has remained at around the same level in recent years (figure 8.12). The area under protection in Estonia has a balance between sea and land areas, but the European Commission still expects greater effort from Estonia with regard to open sea protection (figure 8.13). Besides the protected areas arising from the Nature Conservation Act, Estonia can also consider the green network areas defined in county thematic plans as area with protection potential. This area is only advisory in nature in terms of legal status, even though comprehensive plans must take it into account. Legal acts allow the comprehensive plan to be changed in detailed plans, as a result of which living nature cannot be considered protected. Over one-half of the areas in green network corridors are covered by forests (figure 8.14). Forest management should be organized in harmony with the objective of preserving animal migration corridors to keep populations vital. Currently this is not regulated by any legal act or regulations. Sustainable Estonia 21 objective IUCN categories Ia and Ib 6 5 5 4 3 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.1 2 1 % 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 8.11. Areas with protection regime that conserves their natural condition (corresponding to IUCN categories Ia and Ib) in 2000–2008 and the corresponding objective according to “Sustainable Estonia 21”. Data: EEIC. 132
20 target defined in the Environmental Strategy % of Estonian land territory 17 18 K % 15 11 % 10 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 8.12. Protected land area in Estonia in 2000–2008 and the corresponding goal in the Estonian Environmental Strategy 2030. Data: EEIC. sea area 49% land area 51% Figure 8.13. Distribution of protected area in Estonia between sea and land areas. Data: EEIC. natural grasslands 1% settlements, gardens, parks 1% coastline 1% marshes 4% brush land 11% forests 65% agricultural land 17% Figure 8.14. Distribution by ecosystems of green network space outside of protected areas in 2008. Data: EEIC. 133
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
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Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
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1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
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Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
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2. The economy Estonia’s economy
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Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
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agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
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2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
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2.5. Tourism After independence was
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2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
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Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
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Agri-environmental support monitori
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3. Natural resources
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Construction mineral resources were
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10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
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Status of fish stocks in inland bod
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3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
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Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
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15 increment felling volume optimum
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3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
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3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
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20 000 population size hunting bag
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4. Weather patterns and causes of c
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o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
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4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
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According to Statistics Estonia, CF
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5. Ambient air
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5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
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5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
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Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
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40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
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other mobile pollution sources 0.04
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6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 149 and 150: 20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153 and 154: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 155 and 156: 2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
Page 157 and 158: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160: deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174: tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179: 12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180: Appendix
Page 183 and 184: year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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