ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial processes 4% transport 12% energy 75% Figure 4.5. Sources of greenhouse gases in Estonia by sector, 2007. Data: Estonian greenhouse gas inventory <strong>2009</strong>. 20 15 10 share of electricity generated in co-generation process out of total electricity output share of electricity generated from renewable energy out of total electricity consumption Jäätmed Põllumajandus, Tööstuslikud protsessi Transport, Energeetika, 5 0.5 10.8 0.6 10.6 % 0.7 9.9 1.3 10.2 1.4 10.7 1.5 7.1 8 20 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2015 2020 Figure 4.6. Share of electricity produced from renewable energy and co-generation process in total electricity consumption. Data: Statistics Estonia. 9 13 32 25 15 Tamsalu district heating project 21 Kadrina district heating project 54 Paide bioenergy project 64 Saaremaa biogas project 91 Virtsu III wind farm 2005-2007 2008-2012 74 191 Esivere and Virtsu II wind farm 63 317 Viru-Nigula wind farm 172 286 Pakri wind farm 0 100 200 300 400 500 thousands of tonnes of CO 2 equivalent Figure 4.7. Greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by joint implementation projects. Data: EEIC. 62
4.2.3. Use and emissions of ozone depleting substances The ozone layer is a part of the atmosphere where the concentration of ozone is greater than it is elsewhere. In general, the ozone layer is about 10–50 km in altitude and surrounds the entire earth. The ozone layer protects humans and the environment from excessive ultraviolet radiation. Ozone holes were discovered at the poles in the 1970s. To a lesser extent, the ozone layer varies seasonally in thickness in all geographic regions. The ozone layer is depleted by hydrocarbons that contain fluorine, chlorine or bromine. These compounds are very stable (they are inert, they do not readily react with other compounds) and if they are released they may end up high in the ozone later where they break down in sunlight and react with ozone molecules, thus depleting the ozone. CFCs are considered among the greatest threats to the ozone layer. Freons are organic compounds that contain carbon and fluorine, and in many cases, other halogens (generally chlorine) and hydrogen. Depending on the elements contained in the compound, they are termed CFCs (fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons) or HCFCs (partially halogenated CFCs or hydrochlorofluorocarbons). The latter were developed as a replacement for CFCs as they break down more easily and are less harmful to the ozone layer. One-half of the CFCs originate from chlorine which is generated by humans and reaches the stratosphere. In the everyday world, CFCs have been widely used in refrigeration and climate equipment control, as a solvent in electronics industry, production of Styrofoam, paint and lacquer, fire extinguishers and the perfume and pharmaceutical industry. Once they enter the atmosphere, CFCs can stay there for up to 200 years, depending on the compound; some even longer. Another class of substances that deplete the ozone layer are the halons. Halons are bromine compounds that contain fluorine as well, but instead of chlorine, the ozone-depleting element in them is bromine. Halons destroy ozone 3–10 times more than CFCs; at the same time they are used much less. The Estonian Environmental Strategy 2030 sets the goal of gradually phasing out synthetic substances that deplete the ozone layer from both industry and households. No statistical overview of CFCs in household use has been conducted, but compliance with the goal has gone fairly well to this point with regard to industry/ companies – use of halons and CFCs is down significantly. Instead, HFCs – which are harmless to the ozone layer – have entered use. Strategic accomplishments: • use of substances that thin the ozone layer has ceased to a 90% extent in Estonia (figure 4.8); • agencies and procedures for use, collection and organization of substances that deplete the ozone layer have been formed; • competency requirements have been established for mechanics working with equipment containing substances that deplete the ozone layer as well as for technicians engaged in installing, dismantling/ demolishing and carrying leak inspections of such equipment and who use collection recovery equipment for such substances; • use of CFCs and HCFCs has decreased significantly (figure 4.9). Ozone depletion potential ODP Various substances deplete the ozone layer at different rates. The harmfulness of substances to the ozone layer is expressed by the ODP, or ozone depleting potential. The ODP of CFC-11 is fixed at 1 and the ODP of all other compounds is expressed with respect to it. Table 4.2. Comparison of the ODP of various substances. Source: EERC Substance Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) 0.6–1.0 Halons 3–10.0 Carbon tetrachloride CCl 4 1.1 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) CH 3 CCl 3 0.1 Methyl bromide CH 3 Br 0.7 Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) 0.02–7.5 Hydrocholorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 0.02–0.11 Chlorobromomethane 0.12 ODP 63
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Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
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Published in the “Estonian Enviro
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Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
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10. The environment and health 162
Page 10 and 11:
Summary Socioeconomic background In
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Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
Page 15 and 16: 1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
Page 17 and 18: Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
Page 20 and 21: 2. The economy Estonia’s economy
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
Page 24 and 25: agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27: 2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29: 2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31: 2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33: Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35: Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36: 3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40: Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42: 10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44: Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46: 3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48: Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50: 15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52: 3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54: 3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56: 20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59: 4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61: o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63: 4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 66 and 67: According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68: 5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72: 5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74: 5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76: Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78: 40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80: other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82: 6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84: Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86: Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89: 6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91: 300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93: 6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95: 250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97: Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99: 6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101: 6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103: 6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
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7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
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7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
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partly attributable to unrealized p
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7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
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green network core areas and corrid
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8. Biological diversity Considering
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Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
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Species habitats The status of habi
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non-initiation of Natura environmen
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8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
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Management plans Currently there ar
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8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
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Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
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8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
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Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
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9. Waste
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20 total waste generated hazardous
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9.4. Municipal waste generation and
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The primary reasons for the delay a
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2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15
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9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
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deposition in landfills other dispo
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Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
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10. The environment and health The
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a deficiency in the technical condi
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11. Economic instruments for enviro
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and payment, rates and use of the s
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tion, environmental educational ini
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12. Environmental management tools
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12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
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Appendix
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year month, day place event indicat
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Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
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ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

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