ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

More documents

Recommendations

Info

9.5. Packaging waste The adoption of the new Packaging Act on 21 April 2004 laid the foundation for collection of packaging waste and establishment of a nationwide system for recovery of packaging waste. To achieve the goals of the Packaging Act, a new economic measure was implemented as of 1 May 2005 – (a) the obligation to accept back all packages – and (b) deposits were established for a number of beverage containers. Effective 1 July 2005, a packaging excise duty came into effect for sales packaging other than alcohol and beverages, to be applied if packaging is not recovered in the quantity specified in legislation. The rapid economic growth seen up to 2008 significantly increased consumer spending on goods, as a result of which quantities of packaging waste increased each year as well. Whereas in 2001 the amount of packaging waste generated in Estonia was estimated at 110,000 tonnes, in 2007 the figure had already grown to 162,000 tonnes. In 2007–2008, a study C commissioned by the Ministry of the Environment examined sorting of municipal waste, and also studied separately what kinds of packaging waste were found in municipal waste. The results showed that plastic packaging made up the greatest share of the packaging waste, of which an average of 65% was soft plastic (plastic bags, plastic film etc). Hard plastic (plastic bottles, boxes, lids, caps etc) made up an average of 35% of plastic packaging. Glass packaging and paper and cardboard packaging made up an approximately equal share of packaging waste. A positive sign noted was the fact that the percentage of beverage packaging with deposits (returnable packaging) was very small. This points to the fact that the deposit system for packaging is functioning effectively. The high percentage of packaging waste in municipal waste is a problem in many countries. It is also one reason that in 1994 the European Union Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive was adopted (94/62/EU). It established the basic requirements and objectives in the field of packaging including targets for recovery of packaging waste; these requirements and targets were also adopted in the Packaging Act. Pursuant to the Packaging Act an undertaking engaged in packaging of goods or importing packaged goods must ensure recovery of packaging waste in the following extent as of 1 May 2004: • at least 50% a year of the total mass of packaging waste; • at least 25% of the total mass of packaging waste must be recycled a year along with at least 15% of the total mass of each packaging material. The obligation to comply with recovery targets came into effect back in 2004, but the general recovery level of 50% was reached only in 2006 (figure 9.8). This was largely due to the fact that there was lack of thorough oversight and no recovery organizations to which packaging companies could transfer their obligation to collect and recover packaging waste; these organizations were launched only in mid-2005. The launch of operations by recovery organizations dealing with collection of mixed packaging was hindered to a significant degree by the dearth of collection resources and low level of investment. The requirement in the Packaging Act according to which at least 15% of the total mass of each packaging material had to be recycled was fulfilled already in 2005 (figure 9.9). packaging waste generation recovery (including recovery for export) recovery target of 50% 180180000 150 000 120 000 120000 90 000 60 000 60000 tonnes 30 000 0 111 073 13 329 119 741 16 764 123 681 29 683 131 371 44 666 137 189 56 248 152 135 76 068 162 245 83 871 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 9.8. Generation and recovery of packaging waste in 2001–2007. Data: EEIC. 152 C Eestis tekkinud olmejäätmete (sh eraldi pakendijäätmete ja biolagunevate jäätmete) koostise ja koguste analüüs. Pakendijäätmete sortimisuuring. (Analysis of the composition and quantities of municipal waste generated in Estonia (including separately for packaging waste and biodegradable waste). Study on the sorting of packaging waste.) (2008). / H. Moora. Tallinn : Stockholm Environmental Institute, SEI-Tallinn. [WWW] http://www.envir.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=1085200/ Pakendiuuring+2008.pdf
2004 2006 80 2005 2007 target of 15% 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 % 0 glass plastic paper and cardboard 9.9. Recycling of packaging material in 2004–2007. Data: EEIC. metal wood other 0 9.6. Products of concern A product of concern, for the purposes of the Waste Act, is a product the waste resulting from which causes or may cause health or environmental hazards, environmental nuisances or excessive pollution of the environment. Such waste may fall into the category of either hazardous or non-hazardous waste. Products of concern include electrical and electronics equipment and parts thereof, most motor vehicles (passenger cars and vans) and parts thereof, batteries, accumulators and tyres. Producers’ responsibility is applied with regard to products of concern. Producers’ responsibility takes place based on the principle that the polluter pays – the responsibility for handling the waste is imposed on the producer. A producer according to the Waste Act is a person who manufactures and sells products under the person’s trade mark or trade name, engages in the resale of products manufactured by others, regardless of the method of sale, including mail order sale and sale by electronic means, or imports products into Estonia in order to market or resell them. All producers of products of concern have the obligation to collect and send to further waste treatment (recovery, recycling or disposal) waste from products of concern that it has introduced to the market. For instance, a seller of refrigerators must accept back old refrigerators from a person buying a refrigerator. Producers must generally accept the waste free of charge and bear all costs related to waste handling. Consumers will still indirectly cover the costs, as the costs of handling are “priced in” the new product. Producers’ responsibility for products of concern is a relatively new field in Estonia; it took effect on 1 May 2004 along with the new Waste Act. From 13 February 2006, all producers of products of concern must register with the register of products of concern (PROTO), and file data on products introduced to the market, and collected and recovered quantities of waste. As of 1 January <strong>2009</strong>, 309 producers of products of concern had been registered in the register. Although most of the largest producers and sellers of products of concern are registered, many smaller companies have not done so yet; thus registration continues. A fair amount of information has already been gathered regarding collection and handling of end-of-life vehicles and used tyres, on the basis of which conclusions can be drawn, but there are still few data regarding other products of concern. The requirement for collection and handling of end-oflife vehicles and used tyres entered into force for manufacturers on 1 January 2005, and for WEEE on 13 August 2005. As the field is a new one, the problems related to the implementation of this obligation have not yet been resolved, but trends show the situation is improving. Legislation has also set forth targets for recovery and recycling of waste from products of concern. From 1 January 2006, producers are obliged to recover at least 85% of the mass of end-of-life vehicles. The mass of components, materials and substances reused and recycled must be at least 80%. Starting 1 January 2015, the respective figures will be 95% and 85%. In 2006 a total of 11,035 end-of-life vehicles were collected; in 2007, the figure was 12,664. A total of 83% of the total mass of collected end-of-life vehicles was recovered and reused in 2006; in 2007, 82% (figure 9.10). 153
Page 1:
Estonian Environment ESTONIAN ENVIR
Page 4 and 5:
Published in the “Estonian Enviro
Page 6 and 7:
Table of contents Foreword 3 Introd
Page 8 and 9:
10. The environment and health 162
Page 10 and 11:
Summary Socioeconomic background In
Page 12:
Part 1 Socioeconomic background 1.
Page 15 and 16:
1 600 000 1 550 000 1 500 000 popul
Page 17 and 18:
Sources: • Ainsaar, M., Maripuu L
Page 20 and 21:
2. The economy Estonia’s economy
Page 22 and 23:
Table 2.3. GDP per capita as measur
Page 24 and 25:
agriculture and fishery 3%, 3859 pr
Page 26 and 27:
2.4. Transport Transport gives peop
Page 28 and 29:
2.5. Tourism After independence was
Page 30 and 31:
2.6. Agriculture The relative impor
Page 32 and 33:
Fertilizer use With regard to inorg
Page 34 and 35:
Agri-environmental support monitori
Page 36:
3. Natural resources
Page 39 and 40:
Construction mineral resources were
Page 41 and 42:
10000 thousands of cubic metres 800
Page 43 and 44:
Status of fish stocks in inland bod
Page 45 and 46:
3.2.3. Restocking As a consequence
Page 47 and 48:
Map 3.2. Average volume per hectare
Page 49 and 50:
15 increment felling volume optimum
Page 51 and 52:
3.3.5. Forest fires One of the exte
Page 53 and 54:
3.4. Hunting Hunting is closely rel
Page 55 and 56:
20 000 population size hunting bag
Page 58 and 59:
4. Weather patterns and causes of c
Page 60 and 61:
o C Ristna -22.9/-28.4 Vilsandi -21
Page 62 and 63:
4.2. Greenhouse gas emissions and o
Page 64 and 65:
agriculture 6% waste 3% industrial
Page 66 and 67:
According to Statistics Estonia, CF
Page 68:
5. Ambient air
Page 71 and 72:
5.2. Emissions 5.2.1. Emissions of
Page 73 and 74:
5.2.2. Tropospheric ozone precursor
Page 75 and 76:
Finland Bulgaria Spain Latvia tropo
Page 77 and 78:
40 35 fine particulate matter (PM 2
Page 79 and 80:
other mobile pollution sources 0.04
Page 81 and 82:
6 5 4 3 2 tonnes 1 0 5.66 5.41 4.30
Page 83 and 84:
Compared to years past, the number
Page 85 and 86:
Hiiumaa 100 89 Saaremaa Läänemaa
Page 88 and 89:
6. Water The existence of clean fre
Page 90 and 91:
300 250 30 agriculture 200 13 manuf
Page 92 and 93:
6.2.2. Mining and cooling water In
Page 94 and 95:
250 wastewater volume total phospho
Page 96 and 97:
Tallinn Kohtla-Järve Rakvere Tartu
Page 98 and 99:
6.4. Status of water 6.4.1. Groundw
Page 100 and 101:
6.4.2. Evaluating the status of sur
Page 102 and 103:
6.4.4. Status of rivers Proceeding
Page 104 and 105: Hirve Imsi Pale Uia Keila_1 Neeva S
Page 106 and 107: 6.4.5. Status of lakes The ecologic
Page 108: 7. Soil and land use
Page 111 and 112: 7.1.2. Soil formation Soil is creat
Page 113 and 114: 7.1.4. Soil status The status of so
Page 115 and 116: 7.2. Changes in land use 7.2.1. Cha
Page 117 and 118: 7.2.2. Changes in land use as refle
Page 119 and 120: partly attributable to unrealized p
Page 121 and 122: 7.3. Urban sprawl Suburban sprawl i
Page 123 and 124: green network core areas and corrid
Page 126 and 127: 8. Biological diversity Considering
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.2 Abundance and trends for
Page 130 and 131: Species habitats The status of habi
Page 132 and 133: non-initiation of Natura environmen
Page 134 and 135: 8.2.3. Achieving protection of biol
Page 136 and 137: Management plans Currently there ar
Page 138 and 139: 8.3. Inland water bodies The divers
Page 140 and 141: Small lakes The equilibrium of smal
Page 142 and 143: 8.4.2. Species: seals With the mild
Page 144 and 145: Proliferation of macroalgae Costal
Page 146: 9. Waste
Page 149 and 150: 20 total waste generated hazardous
Page 151 and 152: 9.4. Municipal waste generation and
Page 153: The primary reasons for the delay a
Page 157 and 158: 9.8. Recovery of waste Recovery of
Page 159 and 160: deposition in landfills other dispo
Page 161 and 162: Table 9.2. Number of landfills in 2
Page 164 and 165: 10. The environment and health The
Page 166 and 167: a deficiency in the technical condi
Page 168: 11. Economic instruments for enviro
Page 171 and 172: and payment, rates and use of the s
Page 173 and 174: tion, environmental educational ini
Page 176 and 177: 12. Environmental management tools
Page 178 and 179: 12.3. Environmental labels Consumer
Page 180: Appendix
Page 183 and 184: year month, day place event indicat
Page 185 and 186: Abbreviations used ARC - Agricultur
show all

ESTONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2009

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?