On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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CONTENTS 3.1.1 Droplet Array Generation Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.1.2 Droplet Suspension Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.1.3 Combustion Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1.4 Exhaust Gas Sampling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.1.5 Experiment Integration into Microgravity Facilities . . . . 74 3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.1 Influence of Microgravity Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.2 Standard Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2.3 Optical Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.2.4 Exhaust Gas Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2.5 Calibration of Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.2.6 Experiment Sequence and Operational Parameters . . . . 99 3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dynamics Within the Combustion Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.3.1 Fluid Dynamics During Ignition and Combustion . . . . . 105 3.3.2 Fluid Dynamics During Exhaust Gas Sampling . . . . . . 110 4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation 117 4.1 Description of Involved Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.2.1 Governing Equations for Reacting Flows . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.2.2 Transport Mechanisms in the Gas Phase . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.2.3 Basics on Reaction Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.2.4 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.2.5 Modeling of Gas-Liquid Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.3 Modeling of Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 4.5.1 Single Droplet Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 4.5.2 Meshing and Solver Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.6 Model Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4.6.1 Validation of Vaporization Mechanism Without Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.6.2 Validation of Combustion Process and Combustion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single Droplet Combustion . . . . . . . 150 x
CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets in Exhaust Gas Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 5.2 Combustion of Partially Pre-Vaporized Droplets . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.2.1 Numerical Results on Single Droplet Combustion . . . . . 161 5.2.2 Impact of Ignition Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 5.2.3 Comparison with Microgravity Experiments on Droplet Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5.3 Influence of Ambient Preheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5.4 Influence of Droplet Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 5.5 Final Evaluation of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 5.6 Recommendations and Future Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 6 Summary and Conclusions 195 APPENDIX 197 A Chemical Mechanisms 199 A.1 Global Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 A.2 Concepts of Kinetics Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 B Investigated Conditions 208 B.1 Experiment Operation Conditions for Droplet Array Combustion 208 B.2 Supplementary Data on Numerical Simulations . . . . . . . . . . 212 C Design Details of Experiment Equipment 214 C.1 Key Data of Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 C.2 Construction and Manufacturing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 D Raw Data of Microgravity Experiments 223 Supervised Theses 229 References 233 xi
Page 1: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6: Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8: Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21: NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 22 and 23: NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 24 and 25: NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 26 and 27: NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37: 2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39: 2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41: 2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43: 2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45: 2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47: 2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49: 2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51: 2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53: 2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55: 2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57: 2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59: 2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
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REFERENCES [60] F. Buda, R. Bounace
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REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
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REFERENCES [102] D.L. Dietrich, P.M
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REFERENCES [124] R. Ennetta, M. Ham
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REFERENCES [146] A.G. Gaydon and H.
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REFERENCES [167] M.P. Halstead, L.J
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REFERENCES [187] K.J. Hughes, T. Tu
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REFERENCES [207] M. Kikuchi, N. Sug
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REFERENCES [229] N.M. Laurendeau. F
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REFERENCES [253] A. Liñán and F.A
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REFERENCES [273] R.D. Matthews, R.F
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REFERENCES [293] K.G. Moesl, T. Sat
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REFERENCES [312] V. Nayagam, J.B. H
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REFERENCES [333] PCB Piezotronics,
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REFERENCES [353] K.K. Rink and A.H.
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REFERENCES [374] T. Sano. NO 2 Form
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REFERENCES [395] A.T. Shih and C.M.
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REFERENCES [419] J.H. Spurk. Ström
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REFERENCES [441] J.S. Tsai and A.M.
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REFERENCES [462] S.-C. Wong, A.-C.
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