On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Combustion ~ Concentration X 10 ppm 8 6 4 2 Concentration NO Concentration NO x Concentration NO 2 Analysis pressure CLD 50 mbar 40 30 20 10 Analysis pressure p 0 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Dimensionless time t/∆t analysis Figure 3.15: Measurement Reading of Exhaust Gas from Chemiluminescent NO x Analyzer. Exhaust gas supply starts at t/∆t analysis = 0.16. The pressure reading indicates the analysis pressure in the reaction chamber. This pressure does not drop below p = 21mbar, while the pressure level approaches zero in sample cylinder. reaction chambers. Here, the lowest achievable pressure is p= 21 mbar, which is limited by the hardware of the analyzer and, in particular, the vacuum pump employed. Initially, span gas of 8.66 ppm NO is supplied and the analysis pressure is within its nominal range at p = 43 mbar. This approach verifies operability and calibration of the analyzer. To assure a discrete start of the transient NO x measurement, the supply of the sample is delayed in relation to the shutoff of the span gas (t /∆t analysis = 0.02 to 0.16). Since no constant and/or an excessively low measurement profile might be obtained with this method, the time integral of the measurement readings is employed here. It basically represents the total number of photoelectric counts of the given analysis volume “FT-IR measurement cell” and is based on Equations (3.2) and (3.3). Consequently, it can be correlated to the nominal NO x concentrations that would be obtained at a fixed volumetric flow rate and a given analysis duration. Figures 3.16 and 3.17 outline the concept pursued: For statistical evidence, a large number of reference measurements were recorded for calibration gases with concentrations of ˜X NO = 2.00, 8.66, and 9.80 ppm (cf. Fig. 3.16). They 94
3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data Acquisition 10 ppm 8 2.00 ppm NO 8.66 ppm NO 9.80 ppm NO ~ Concentration X 6 4 2 0 0 40 80 120 160 s Time t Figure 3.16: Measurement Reading for Different Calibration Gases. ~ Concentration actual value Xactual 4.0 ppm 3.0 2.0 1.0 Lower limit filter 5% filter 10% filter 20% filter 0.0 0 2 4 6 ~ 8 10 ppm Concentration nominal value X nominal Figure 3.17: Correlation Between Actual and Nominal Value of NO x Concentration. The actual concentration ˜X actual represents the time integral of the total number of photoelectric counts of the given analysis volume “FT-IR measurement cell”. Accurately put, it is a time-averaged value. 95
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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 70 and 71: 2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
Page 72 and 73: 2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
Page 74 and 75: 2 Combustion Theory The results of
Page 76 and 77: 2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
Page 78 and 79: 2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
Page 80 and 81: 2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
Page 83 and 84: 3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
Page 85 and 86: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
Page 87 and 88: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
Page 89 and 90: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
Page 91 and 92: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
Page 93 and 94: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
Page 95 and 96: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
Page 97 and 98: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
Page 99 and 100: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
Page 101 and 102: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
Page 103 and 104: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
Page 105 and 106: 3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
Page 119: 3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
Page 131 and 132: 3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
Page 143 and 144: 4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
Page 145 and 146: 4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
Page 147 and 148: 4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
Page 149 and 150: 4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
Page 151 and 152: 4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
Page 153 and 154: 4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
Page 155 and 156: 4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
Page 157 and 158: 4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
Page 159 and 160: 4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
Page 161 and 162: 4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
Page 163 and 164: 4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
Page 165 and 166: 4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
Page 167 and 168: 4.6 Model Validation with index i
Page 169 and 170: 4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
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REFERENCES [60] F. Buda, R. Bounace
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REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
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REFERENCES [102] D.L. Dietrich, P.M
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REFERENCES [124] R. Ennetta, M. Ham
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REFERENCES [146] A.G. Gaydon and H.
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REFERENCES [167] M.P. Halstead, L.J
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REFERENCES [333] PCB Piezotronics,
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REFERENCES [353] K.K. Rink and A.H.
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REFERENCES [374] T. Sano. NO 2 Form
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REFERENCES [462] S.-C. Wong, A.-C.
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