On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction of NO XNO 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 GRI 3.0 GRI 2.11 Methane (Leeds) + NO x (Leeds) n-Decane (Princeton) + NO x (Li) n-Heptane (Princeton) + NO x (Li) 0.0000 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 K Temperature T Figure 2.7: Temperature Dependence of the Extended Zeldovich Mechanism (no fuel included in the reactants). The plot shows the variation between three reference mechanisms (GRI 3.0, GRI 2.11, and “Methane (Leeds) + NO x (Leeds)”) and two representative combinations of C 10 H 22 mechanism and NO x kinetics (“n-Decane (Princeton) + NO x (Li)” and “n-Heptane (Princeton) + NO x (Li)”) [298]. Mole fraction of NO XNO 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 n-Decane (Princeton) + NO x (Li) n-Decane (Princeton) + NO x (Leeds) n-Decane (Aachen) + NO x (Li) n-Decane (Aachen) + NO x (Leeds) 0.0000 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 K Temperature T Figure 2.8: Temperature Dependence for Investigated Combinations of C 10 H 22 Mechanism and NO x Kinetics. The simulation parameters are identical to Figure 2.7 [298]. 44
2.3 Kinetic Modeling a flame. The GRI 3.0 mechanism (Fig. 2.7) was published by Smith et al. [408], GRI 2.11 by Bowman et al. [52], and the Leeds methane mechanism by Hughes et al. [187]. As illustrated in Figure 2.8, the influence of the fuel mechanism is much stronger than the difference between the NO x kinetics of Li and Williams [250] and the Leeds NO x mechanism. The results are similar for combinations with either the Princeton or the Aachen n-decane mechanism [298]. Prompt Apart from the reaction of N 2 and CH (Eq. (2.10)), the Leeds mechanism [187] additionally includes reactions of N 2 with C and CH 2 radicals as the initial reactions of prompt NO formation. Figure 2.9 compares the reactivity of the three radicals. The activation energy of the nitrogen reaction with CH is by far the lowest with E a = 7.508×10 4 J mol −1 , thus making it the most reactive. The activation energy of the reaction with C and CH 2 is E a = 1.879×10 5 and 3.096×10 5 J mol −1 , respectively [298]. Consequently, the reaction of N 2 and CH is the most important of the prompt NO mechanism. 4.0 x 10 10 cm 3 mol −1 s −1 N 2 + C N + CH N 2 + CH N + HCN N 2 + CH 2 NH + HCN Rate coefficient k 3.0 x 10 10 2.0 x 10 10 1.0 x 10 10 0.0 x 10 10 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 K Temperature T Figure 2.9: Reactivity of the Initial Reactions of the Prompt NO Mechanism. 45
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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21: NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 22 and 23: NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 24 and 25: NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 26 and 27: NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37: 2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39: 2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41: 2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43: 2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45: 2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47: 2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49: 2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51: 2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53: 2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55: 2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57: 2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59: 2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61: 2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63: 2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65: 2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67: 2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69: 2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 72 and 73: 2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
Page 74 and 75: 2 Combustion Theory The results of
Page 76 and 77: 2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
Page 78 and 79: 2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
Page 80 and 81: 2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
Page 83 and 84: 3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
Page 85 and 86: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
Page 87 and 88: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
Page 89 and 90: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
Page 91 and 92: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
Page 93 and 94: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
Page 95 and 96: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
Page 97 and 98: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
Page 99 and 100: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
Page 101 and 102: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
Page 103 and 104: 3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
Page 105 and 106: 3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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