On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperature Physical Constants c 0 Speed of light (in vacuum) 2.99792×10 8 m s −1 g 0 Standard gravity (at sea level) 9.80665 m s −2 k B Boltzmann constant 1.38066×10 −23 J K −1 N AV Avogadro number 6.02214×10 23 molecules/mol p Normal atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa R Universal gas constant 8.31446 J mol −1 K −1 σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67037×10 −8 W m −2 K −4 Non-Dimensional Numbers Da Kn Le Ma Nu Pe Pr Re Sc Sh Damköhler number Knudsen number Lewis number Mach number Nußelt number Péclet number Prandtl number Reynolds number Schmidt number Sherwood number Abbreviations AFR BNC CARM CCD CCS CDR CEL CFD COG COS CPS Air-fuel ratio Connector for coaxial cable Computer assisted reduction method Charge-coupled device Capsule control system Critical design review CFX expression language Computational fluid dynamics Center of gravity Coordinate system Combustion Properties of Partially Premixed Spray Systems xxiv
NOMENCLATURE CPU CSP CV DC DCU DGSE DLR DRAM EADS EGS EGSE EM EPROM ESA FAR FFT FM FT-IR HFO HSV ICD ICP ILDM JAXA JCM JEIT LDI LED LIF LP LPP MFO MMS MPI NTSC ODE PAHs Central processing unit Computational singular perturbation Coefficient of variation Direct current Droplet array combustion (experiment) unit Domestic ground support equipment Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Dynamic Random Access Memory European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company Exhaust gas sampling (system) Electronic ground support equipment Engineering module/model Erasable programmable read only memory European Space Agency Fuel-air ratio Fast Fourier transformation Flight module/model Fourier transform infrared (spectrometer/spectroscopy) Heavy fuel oil (also: heavy crude oil) High-speed video Interface control document Integrated circuit piezoelectric Intrinsic low-dimensional manifold Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Japanese Combustion Module Japan-Europe investigators team Lean direct injection Light-emitting diode Laser-induced fluorescence Lean premixed (combustion) Lean premixed pre-vaporized (combustion) Medium fuel oil (also: heating oil) Memory management system Max-Planck-Institut National Television System Committee Ordinary differential equations Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons xxv
Page 1: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6: Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8: Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9 and 10: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 11: CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21: NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 22 and 23: NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 26 and 27: NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37: 2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39: 2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41: 2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43: 2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45: 2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47: 2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49: 2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51: 2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53: 2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55: 2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57: 2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59: 2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61: 2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63: 2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65: 2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67: 2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69: 2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 70 and 71: 2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
Page 72 and 73: 2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
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