On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PHOENIX PM PSR RMS RQL SM SNR TEM TEXNOX TEXUS TIM TUM TVR UDS UHCs VOCs VSB WLAN WSR ZARM Phase alternating line Peroxyacyl nitrates (also: acyl peroxy nitrates) Power distribution unit Path flux analysis Parabolic flight campaign Investigation of Partial Pre-Vaporization Effects in High Temperature on Evolution of Droplet Array Combustion and Nitrogen Oxides Formation Particulate matter (also: soot or dust) Perfectly stirred reactor Root mean square Rich (quick) quench/mix lean (combustion) Stepper motor Signal-to-noise ratio Technical experiment module Drop tower campaign with precursor experiments for TEXUS-46 and a scientific focus on NO x Technologische Experimente unter Schwerelosigkeit Technical interface meeting Technische Universität München TV relay Upwind differencing scheme Unburned hydrocarbons Volatile organic compounds Veículo de Sondagem Booster Wireless local area network Well-stirred reactor Zentrum für angewandte Raumfahrttechnologie und Mikrogravitation xxvi
1 Introduction Combustion is a fundamental physico-chemical process and the basis of modern human civilization [253]. Its overarching importance to elementary human needs becomes apparent even when looking at mythology, in which Prometheus stole fire from Zeus, chief of the Greek gods, and gave it to the mortals in their dark caves. In today’s world, a substantial part of harnessed fire comes from burning petroleum, 1 which was first extracted in Pennsylvania for commercial purposes in 1859 [253, 274, 323]. 1.1 Technological Background Gas turbine, diesel, and rocket engines burn liquid fuels in spray flames, as do oil-fired boilers, furnaces, and process heaters. After the liquid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber using single or twin-fluid atomizers, the fuel is atomized due to instabilities of the liquid and momentum exchange with the gas phase. Droplets are created and partially vaporized before the radical pool can be formed that finally leads to the chemical breakdown of the fuel [241, 244, 418, 443, 457, 461]. Most modern, low emission combustion concepts are based on partial or full premixing of fuel and oxidant, and pre-vaporization in the case of liquid fuels. Premixed combustion takes place if the droplets are completely vaporized and fuel and air molecules are mixed by molecular or turbulent diffusion before ignition. With respect to exhaust gas formation, experimental and numerical studies of this case are more easily carried out than in partially premixed combustion, where complicated interactions of the diffusion of fuel vapor, air, and combustion products prevail in the flame zone. 1 In the United States of America, 80 to 85% of primary energy consumption were covered by fossil fuels throughout the last two decades (1990 to 2010) [450]. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen and the Statistisches Bundesamt recorded an almost identical value for Germany. Here, petroleum was by far the most relevant energy source with a portion of 33 to 40% of primary energy consumption [24, 421]. 1
Page 1: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6: Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8: Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9 and 10: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 11: CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21: NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 22 and 23: NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 24 and 25: NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37: 2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39: 2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41: 2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43: 2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45: 2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47: 2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49: 2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51: 2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53: 2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55: 2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57: 2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59: 2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61: 2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63: 2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65: 2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67: 2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69: 2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 70 and 71: 2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
Page 72 and 73: 2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
Page 74 and 75: 2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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