On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [364] ROTEXO GmbH & Co. KG – SoftPredict (Bad Zwischenahn, Germany). Cosilab ® : Two-Phase Flames, September 2006. [365] ROTEXO GmbH & Co. KG – SoftPredict (Bad Zwischenahn, Germany). Cosilab ® : Thermodynamics & Transport, September 2006. [366] N. Roth, A. Karl, K. Anders, and A. Frohn. Flame Propagation in Planar Droplet Arrays and Interaction Phenomena Between Neighboring Droplet Streams. Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1697–1703, 1996. [367] T. Rutar and P.C. Malte. NOx Formation in High-Pressure Jet-Stirred Reactors with Significance to Lean-Premixed Combustion Turbines. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124:776–783, 2002. [368] T. Rutar, S.M. Martin, D.G. Nicol, P.C. Malte, and D.T. Pratt. Effects of Incomplete Premixing on NOx Formation at Temperature and Pressure Conditions of LP Combustion Turbines. In International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress & Exhibition, number 97-GT-335, Orlando, FL, USA, 1997. [369] T. Rutar, J.C.Y. Lee, P. Dagaut, P.C. Malte, and A.A. Byrne. NO x Formation Pathways in Lean-Premixed-Prevapourized Combustion of Fuels with Carbon-to-Hydrogen Ratio Between 0.25 and 0.88. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 221:387–398, 2007. [370] SAE Aerospace. ARP1533 Revision A, Procedure for the Analysis and Evaluation of Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Engines. Technical report, 2004. [371] G.S. Samuelsen and J.N. Harman III. Chemical Transformations of Nitrogen Oxides While Sampling Combustion Products. Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 27:648–655, 1977. [372] C. Sanchez Tarifa, P. Perez del Notario, and F. Garcia Moreno. Combustion of Liquid Monopropellants and Bipropellants in Droplets. Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1035–1056, 1961. [373] T. Sano. NO 2 Formation in Laminar Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 29:261–275, 1982. 268
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Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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