On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [343] A.E. Potter Jr. and J.N. Butler. A Novel Combustion Measurement Based on the Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames. ARS Journal (AIAA), 29:54– 56, 1959. [344] X. Qin, I.K. Puri, and S.K. Aggarwal. Characteristics of Lifted Triple Flames Stabilized in the Near Field of a Partially Premixed Axisymmetric Jet. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29:1565–1572, 2002. [345] R.V. Ravikrishna and N.M. Laurendeau. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements and Modeling of Nitric Oxide in Methane-Air and Ethane-Air Counterflow Diffusion Flames. Combustion and Flame, 120: 372–382, 2000. [346] R.V. Ravikrishna and N.M. Laurendeau. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements and Modeling of Nitric Oxide in Counterflow Partially Premixed Flames. Combustion and Flame, 122:474–482, 2000. [347] A.R. Ravishankara, J.S. Daniel, and R.W. Portmann. Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century. Science, 326:123–125, 2009. [348] Reaction Design, Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). Senkin: A Program for Predicting Homogeneous Gas-Phase Chemical Kinetics in a Closed System with Sensivity Analysis, July 1999. [349] R. Reichenbach, D. Squires, and S.S. Penner. Flame Propagation in Liquid-Fuel Droplet Arrays. Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1068–1073, 1961. [350] M. Renksizbulut, M. Bussmann, and X. Li. A Droplet Vaporization Model for Spray Calculations. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 9: 59–65, 1992. [351] Restek Corporation (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Specification for Coating Silcosteel and Sulfinert, July 2009. [352] J.F. Rex, A.E. Fuhs, and S.S. Penner. Interference Effects During Buring in Air for Stationary n-Heptane, Ethyl Alcohol, and Methyl Alcohol Droplets. Jet Propulsion, 26:179–187, 1956. 266
REFERENCES [353] K.K. Rink and A.H. Lefebvre. Pollutant Formation in Heterogeneous Mixtures of Fuel Drops and Air. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 3:5–10, 1987. [354] N.K. Rizk and J.S. Chin. Modeling of NOx Formation in Diffusion Flame Combustors. In 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, number AIAA 2002-3713, Indianapolis, IN, USA, 2002. [355] N.K. Rizk, J.S. Chin, A.W. Marshall, and M.K. Razdan. Predictions of NOx Formation Under Combined Droplet and Partially Premixed Reaction of Diffusion Flame Combustors. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 124:31–38, 2002. [356] P.D. Ronney. Understanding Combustion Processes Through Microgravity Research. Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 2485–2506, 1998. [357] P.D. Ronney, M.S. Wu, H.G. Pearlman, and K.J. Weiland. Structure of Flame Balls at Low Lewis-Number (SOFBALL): Preliminary Results from the STS-83 Space Flight Experiments. AIAA Journal, 36:1361–1368, 1998. [358] F.G. Roper. The Prediction of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flame Sizes: Part I. Theoretical Model. Combustion and Flame, 29:219–226, 1977. [359] F.G. Roper. Laminar Diffusion Flame Sizes for Curved Slot Burners Giving Fan-Shaped Flames. Combustion and Flame, 31:251–259, 1978. [360] F.G. Roper, C. Smith, and A.C. Cunningham. The Prediction of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flame Sizes: Part II. Experimental Verification. Combustion and Flame, 29:227–234, 1977. [361] D.E. Rosner, R.S. Israel, and B. La Mantia. “Heavy” Species Ludwig-Soret Transport Effects in Air-Breathing Combustion. Combustion and Flame, 123:547–560, 2000. [362] ROTEXO GmbH & Co. KG – SoftPredict (Bad Zwischenahn, Germany). Cosilab ® : Single Drop, June 2005. [363] ROTEXO GmbH & Co. KG – SoftPredict (Bad Zwischenahn, Germany). Cosilab ® : Gasphase Chemistry, October 2006. 267
Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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