On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force m s −2 h Specific enthalpy J kg −1 h 0 Standard enthalpy of formation (at T 0 ) J kg −1 ∆h v Specific enthalpy of vaporization J kg −1 I Integral of source term (cf. ˙ω) g cm −3 s −1 I Intensity J, W J Counter for molecules (integer) k Rate coefficient for reaction k Vaporization or burning rate m 2 s −1 L Total number of reaction equations L, l Length m M Molar mass kg mol −1 M (Third body) Molecule m Mass kg m Slope of function (of first order curve fit) ṁ Mass flow kg s −1 ṁ ′′ Mass flux kg m −2 s −1 ṁ ′′′ Volumetric mass production rate kg m −3 s −1 N Molar density mol m −3 N Number n Counter (integer) n Molecular density (also: species density) m −3 n Normal vector P A Production flux of species A kg m −3 s −1 P AB Production flux of species A due to species B kg m −3 s −1 p Pressure Pa, bar Q Heat J ˙Q Heat flow (also: heat transfer rate) J s −1 , W ˙q Specific heat flux W m −2 ˙q v Volumetric energy generation rate W m −3 R Relative quenching efficiency R Response or recovery factor r Interaction coefficient of species prod./con. r Radial distance (in spherical and cylindrical COS) m r Radius m S (Inter-droplet) Distance m S Non-dimensional droplet separation xx
NOMENCLATURE S Species S Surface, interface S L Flame speed (also: laminar burning velocity) m s −1 s Mixing parameter (of primary zone) T Temperature K, ◦ C t Time s u, v Velocity m s −1 V Volume m 3 , l v Velocity coordinate m s −1 v f Flame spread rate m s −1 X Mole fraction mol mol −1 ˜X (Gas) Concentration %, ppm Y Mass fraction kg kg −1 Z Mixture fraction Greek Characters α Thermal diffusivity mm 2 s −1 Γ Fraction γ Surface tension kg s −2 δ Thickness m ǫ Molar absorptivity m 2 mol −1 ε Threshold ζ Flame stand-off ratio η Burning rate correction factor η Dynamic viscosity Pa s κ Ratio of specific heats (also: adiabatic index) λ Thermal conductivity W m −1 K −1 λ Wavelength nm µ Mean ν Kinematic viscosity m 2 s −1 ν ′ Reactant stoichiometric coefficient ν ′′ Product stoichiometric coefficient Π (Cross-sectional) Perimeter m ρ Density kg m −3 σ Standard deviation σ Wavenumber cm −1 xxi
Page 1: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6: Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8: Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9 and 10: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 11: CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 22 and 23: NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 24 and 25: NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 26 and 27: NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37: 2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39: 2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41: 2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43: 2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45: 2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47: 2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49: 2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51: 2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53: 2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55: 2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57: 2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59: 2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61: 2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63: 2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65: 2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67: 2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69: 2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
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REFERENCES [60] F. Buda, R. Bounace
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REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
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REFERENCES [102] D.L. Dietrich, P.M
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