On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

REFERENCES [264] G. Maier, M. Willmann, and S. Wittig. Development and Optimization of Advanced Atomizers for Application in Premix Ducts. In International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress & Exhibition, number 97-GT-56, Orlando, FL, USA, 1997. [265] E.-F. Mallard and H.L. Le Chatelier. Recherches Experimentales et Théoriques sur la Combustion des Mélanges Gazeux Explosifs – Troisième Mémoire. Sur les Températures de Combustion et les Chaleurs Spécifiques des Gaz aux Températures Élevées. Annales des Mines, 4:379–568, 1883. [266] P.C. Malte and J.C. Kramlich. Further Observations of the Effect of Sample Probes on Pollutant Gases Drawn from Flame Zones. Combustion Science and Technology, 22:263–269, 1980. [267] S.L. Manzello, M.Y. Choi, A. Kazakov, F.L. Dryer, R. Dobashi, and T. Hirano. The Burning of Large n-Heptane Droplets in Microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 28:1079–1086, 2000. [268] C. Maqua, G. Castanet, and F. Lemoine. Bi-Component Droplets Evaporation: Temperature Measurements and Modelling. Fuel, 87:2932–2942, 2008. [269] A.J. Marchese and F.L. Dryer. Science Support for Space-Based Droplet Combustion: Drop Tower Experiments and Detailed Numerical Modeling. In 4th International Microgravity Conference, Cleveland, OH, USA, 1997. [270] A.J. Marchese, F.L. Dryer, and R.O. Colantonio. Radiative Effects in Space-Based Methanol/Water Droplet Combustion Experiments. Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 2627–2634, 1998. [271] A.J. Marchese, F.L. Dryer, and V. Nayagam. Numerical Modeling of Isolated n-Alkane Droplet Flames: Initial Comparisons with Ground and Space-Based Microgravity Experiments. Combustion and Flame, 116: 432–459, 1999. [272] M. Markgraf. VSB30 Phoenix GPS Tracking System. Flight report, Space Flight Technology, German Space Operations Center (GSOC), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) e.V., May 2005. 258
REFERENCES [273] R.D. Matthews, R.F. Sawyer, and R.W. Schefer. Interferences in Chemiluminescent Measurement of NO and NO 2 Emissions from Combustion Systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 11:1092–1096, 1977. [274] N. McElwee. Oil Creek... the Beginning: A History and Guide to the Early Oil Industry in Pennsylvania. Oil Creek Press, 2001. [275] H. Meinel and T. Just. Measurement of NOx Exhaust Emissions by a New NDUV Analyzer. In 14th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, number AIAA-76- 137, Washington, D.C., USA, 1976. [276] Merck KGaA. Safety Data Sheet – n-Decane (C 10 H 22 ), April 2007. URL http://www.chemdat.info. [277] H.J. Merk. The Macroscopic Equations for Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer in Isotropic, Continuous and Closed Systems. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8:73–99, 1958. [278] M. Mikami, M. Kono, J. Sato, D.L. Dietrich, and F.A. Williams. Combustion of Miscible Binary-Fuel Droplets at High Pressure Under Microgravity. Combustion Science and Technology, 90:111–123, 1993. [279] M. Mikami, O. Habara, M. Kono, J. Sato, D.L. Dietrich, and F.A. Williams. Pressure Effects in Droplet Combustion of Miscible Binary Fuels. Combustion Science and Technology, 124:295–309, 1997. [280] M. Mikami, M. Kono, J. Sato, and D.L. Dietrich. Interactive Effects in Two-Droplet Combustion of Miscible Binary Fuels at High Pressure. Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 2643–2649, 1998. [281] M. Mikami, S. Miyamoto, and N. Kojima. Counterflow Diffusion Flame with Polydisperse Sprays. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29: 593–599, 2002. [282] M. Mikami, H. Oyagi, N. Kojima, M. Kikuchi, Y. Wakashima, and S. Yoda. Microgravity Experiments on Flame Spread Along Fuel-Droplet Arrays Using a New Droplet-Generation Technique. Combustion and Flame, 141:241–252, 2005. 259
Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6:
Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8:
Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9 and 10:
Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 11:
CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
Page 14 and 15:
LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17:
LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19:
LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21:
NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 22 and 23:
NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 24 and 25:
NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 26 and 27:
NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29:
1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31:
1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33:
1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35:
1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37:
2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39:
2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41:
2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43:
2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45:
2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47:
2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49:
2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51:
2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53:
2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55:
2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57:
2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59:
2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61:
2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63:
2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65:
2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67:
2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69:
2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 70 and 71:
2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
Page 72 and 73:
2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
Page 74 and 75:
2 Combustion Theory The results of
Page 76 and 77:
2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
Page 78 and 79:
2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
Page 80 and 81:
2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
Page 83 and 84:
3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
Page 85 and 86:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
Page 87 and 88:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
Page 89 and 90:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
Page 91 and 92:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
Page 93 and 94:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
Page 95 and 96:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
Page 97 and 98:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
Page 99 and 100:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
Page 101 and 102:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
Page 103 and 104:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
Page 105 and 106:
3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
Page 145 and 146:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
Page 147 and 148:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
Page 149 and 150:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
Page 151 and 152:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
Page 153 and 154:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
Page 155 and 156:
4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
Page 157 and 158:
4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
Page 159 and 160:
4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
Page 161 and 162:
4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
Page 163 and 164:
4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
Page 165 and 166:
4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
Page 167 and 168:
4.6 Model Validation with index i
Page 169 and 170:
4.6 Model Validation utilized model
Page 171 and 172:
4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
Page 173 and 174:
4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
Page 175 and 176:
4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
Page 177 and 178:
4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
Page 179:
4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
Page 182 and 183:
5 Results In total, it includes 99
Page 184 and 185:
5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
Page 186 and 187:
5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
Page 188 and 189:
5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
Page 190 and 191:
5 Results uses constant spatial pos
Page 192 and 193:
5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
Page 194 and 195:
5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
Page 196 and 197:
5 Results Even though the parameter
Page 198 and 199:
5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
Page 200 and 201:
5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
Page 202 and 203:
5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
Page 204 and 205:
5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
Page 206 and 207:
5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
Page 208 and 209:
5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
Page 210 and 211:
5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
Page 212 and 213:
5 Results D 0 being varied between
Page 214 and 215:
5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
Page 216 and 217:
5 Results A twofold trend was obser
Page 218 and 219:
5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
Page 221 and 222:
6 Summary and Conclusions In times
Page 223:
APPENDIX
Page 226 and 227:
A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
Page 228 and 229:
A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
Page 230 and 231:
A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
Page 232 and 233:
A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
Page 261 and 262: REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
Page 265 and 266: REFERENCES [60] F. Buda, R. Bounace
Page 267 and 268: REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
Page 269 and 270: REFERENCES [102] D.L. Dietrich, P.M
Page 271 and 272: REFERENCES [124] R. Ennetta, M. Ham
Page 273 and 274: REFERENCES [146] A.G. Gaydon and H.
Page 275 and 276: REFERENCES [167] M.P. Halstead, L.J
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES [187] K.J. Hughes, T. Tu
Page 279 and 280: REFERENCES [207] M. Kikuchi, N. Sug
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES [229] N.M. Laurendeau. F
Page 283: REFERENCES [253] A. Liñán and F.A
Page 287 and 288: REFERENCES [293] K.G. Moesl, T. Sat
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES [312] V. Nayagam, J.B. H
Page 291 and 292: REFERENCES [333] PCB Piezotronics,
Page 293 and 294: REFERENCES [353] K.K. Rink and A.H.
Page 295 and 296: REFERENCES [374] T. Sano. NO 2 Form
Page 297 and 298: REFERENCES [395] A.T. Shih and C.M.
Page 299 and 300: REFERENCES [419] J.H. Spurk. Ström
Page 301 and 302: REFERENCES [441] J.S. Tsai and A.M.
Page 303 and 304: REFERENCES [462] S.-C. Wong, A.-C.
show all

On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?