On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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C Design Details of Experiment Equipment Performance of Surface Coating The exhaust gas samples are withdrawn from the combustion chamber via four symmetrically aligned, uncooled fine-orifice probes (see Chaps. 3.1.3 and 3.1.4). Even though critical flow through the probe orifices was not achieved here, the cooling rate of the products was assumed to be sufficient to quench the NO forming reactions, which themselves require a high activation energy. Chemical transformations of NO x in the temperature range of 300 to 700 K are of special interest here, since moderate temperature probing is encountered and the sample has an extended residence time at lower temperatures while undergoing transport and storage in the EGS system. Figure C.6 shows the stability of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) when Sulfinert ® coating is applied. It offers inertness for active compounds, including polar and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Sample collection and storage of sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury containing species are reliable at ppb levels [351, 406, 407]. In Figure C.6, the concentration stability of H 2 S at 11ppb is illustrated for dry and humid conditions. 120 % Time t H2S recovery rate RH2S 80 40 Coated cylinder (dry) Coated cylinder (wet) Electropolished cylinder 0 0 2 4 6 d Figure C.6: Stability of Hydrogen Sulfide in Sample Cylinder (reprinted from Refs. [351, 407]). 222
D Raw Data of Microgravity Experiments Figures D.1 through D.3 show measurement data of the three combustion runs conducted on TEXUS-46 with t Ψ = 5, 10, and 18s. Recalling Figure 3.20 and the trigger logic introduced for exhaust gas sampling, there is a discrepancy between the predefined/indicated time limits t min and t max and the actual start of the gas sampling process. This delay is due to a misinterpretation of the ignition duration within the gas sampling process. Still, the overall combustion and gas sampling process was run nominally, and the systematic delay of 1.4 to 1.8 s has no negative impact on the scientific quality of the experimental results. Reproducibility is not affected either. 580 K Time t Temperature T 560 540 520 500 Temperature threshold Temp. near side igniter Temp. far side igniter Ignition Exhaust gas sampling Venting Refill with fresh gas 2 1 Digital control signal 480 0 −5 0 10.3 13.3 20 30 s Figure D.1: Temperature and Event Data of PHOENIX Experiment (t Ψ = 5s). Based on the burnout time calculated for t Ψ = 5s, the time limits for exhaust gas sampling are indicated at t min = 10.3s and t max = 13.3s. 223
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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
Page 198 and 199: 5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
Page 200 and 201: 5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
Page 202 and 203: 5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
Page 204 and 205: 5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
Page 206 and 207: 5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
Page 208 and 209: 5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
Page 210 and 211: 5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
Page 212 and 213: 5 Results D 0 being varied between
Page 214 and 215: 5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
Page 216 and 217: 5 Results A twofold trend was obser
Page 218 and 219: 5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
Page 221 and 222: 6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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Page 226 and 227: A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
Page 228 and 229: A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
Page 230 and 231: A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
Page 232 and 233: A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
Page 261 and 262: REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
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Page 267 and 268: REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
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