On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [283] M. Mikami, (ÇÒÓÖÑÐÒÓ×ÓÖÓ×ØÚÓ×ÔÐÑÒÒÖÑÙÕÞÓÚÝ H. Oyagi, N. Kojima, Y. Wakashima, M. Kikuchi, and S. Yoda. Microgravity Experiments on Flame Spread Along Fuel-Droplet Arrays at High Temperatures. Combustion and Flame, 146:391–406, 2006. [284] V.A. Mikhel’son. On the Normal Ignition Rate of Fulminating Gas Mixtures ×Ñ×). Ph.D. thesis (in Collected Works, Vol. 1, pp. 87-161,ÆÓÚÝ ÖÓÒÓÑPress, Moscow, 1930), Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1889. (ÇÒÓÖÑÐÒÓ×ÓÖÓ×ØÚÓ×ÔÐÑÒÒ¬ÖÑÙÕĐÞÓÚÝĐ [285] V.A. Mikhel’son. Über die normale Entzündungsgeschwindigkeit explosiver Gasgemische. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 273:1–24, 1889. [286] V.A. Mikhel’son. On the Normal Ignition Rate of Fulminating Gas Mixtures ×Ñ·×).ÍÕÒÝÞÔ×ÁÑÔÖØÓÖ×ÓÅÓ×ÓÚ×ÓÙÒÚÖ¹ ×ØØ¸ÇØ·ÐĐÞÓ¹ÑØÑØÕ×¬, 10:1–92, 1893. [287] T. Mikus and J.B. Heywood. The Automotive Gas Turbine and Nitric Oxide Emissions. Combustion Science and Technology, 4:149–158, 1971. [288] T. Mikus, J.B. Heywood, and R.E. Hicks. Nitric Oxide Formation in Gas Turbine Engines: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. Contractor report NASA/CR–2977, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1978. [289] J.A. Miller and C.T. Bowman. Mechanism and Modeling of Nitrogen Chemistry in Combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 15:287–338, 1989. [290] J.A. Miller, R.J. Kee, and C.K. Westbrook. Chemical Kinetics and Combustion Modeling. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 41:345–387, 1990. [291] J.A. Miller, S.J. Klippenstein, and P. Glarborg. A Kinetic Issue in Reburning: The Fate of HCNO. Combustion and Flame, 135:357–362, 2003. [292] K. Miyasaka and C.K. Law. Combustion of Strongly-Interacting Linear Droplet Arrays. Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 283–292, 1981. 260
REFERENCES [293] K.G. Moesl, T. Sattelmayer, M. Kikuchi, and S. Yoda. Preparations of the NOx Measurements for the Combustion of an n-Decane Droplet Array Under Microgravity Conditions. Journal of The Japan Society of Microgravity Application (JASMA), 25:361–366, 2008. [294] K.G. Moesl, T. Sattelmayer, M. Kikuchi, and S. Yoda. NOx Measurements in the Combustion of an n-Decane Droplet Array Under Microgravity Conditions on TEXUS-46. In 19th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, volume ESA SP-671, Bad Reichenhall, Germany, 2009. [295] K.G. Moesl, K.G. Vollmer, T. Sattelmayer, J. Eckstein, and H. Kopecek. Experimental Study on Laser-Induced Ignition of Swirl-Stabilized Kerosene Flames. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131:021501/1–8, 2009. [296] K.G. Moesl, T. Sattelmayer, C. Eigenbrod, M. Kikuchi, S. Yamamoto, S. Yoda, M. Mikami, H. Nomura, O. Moriue, A. Umemura, Y. Hisashi, and N. Sugano. The Study of Droplet Array Combustion on TEXUS-46 – Preliminary Scientific Results of the Nitrogen Oxide Production. In 20th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, volume ESA SP-700, Hyères, France, 2011. [297] K.G. Moesl, J.E. Schwing, W.J. Fenninger, and T. Sattelmayer. Influence of Heat and Mass Transfer on the Ignition and NOx Formation in Single Droplet Combustion. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47:1065–1076, 2011. [298] K.G. Moesl, J.E. Schwing, and T. Sattelmayer. Modelling NOx Emissions of Single Droplet Combustion. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 16: 107–141, 2012. [299] C.J. Montgomery, M.A. Cremer, J.-Y. Chen, C.K. Westbrook, and L.Q. Maurice. Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms for Hydrocarbon Fuels. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 18:192–198, 2002. [300] C. Morley. Gaseq – Chemical Equilibria in Perfect Gases, January 2005. URL http://www.gaseq.co.uk. [301] E.J. Mularz. Lean, Premixed, Prevaporized Combustion for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines. Technical memorandum NASA/TM–79148, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1979. 261
Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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