On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N m −1 τ Shear stress tensor N m −2 τ Time scale, time interval s φ Equivalence ratio χ Fresh air content Ψ Pre-vaporization (rate) ˙ω Specific (net) production rate kg m −3 s −1 Subscripts 0 Initial, standard, or boundary value ad Adiabatic abs Absolute value (also: nominal value) atm Atmosphere b Burned (gas) b Burnout boil Boiling (point) c Chemistry d Diffusion diff Diffusion flame eq Equivalent value ex Extracted (energy) exp Experiment f Flame g Gas, gaseous phase i Index i Inner i , j Cartesian coordinates ign Ignition in Introduced (energy) λ Wavelength l Liquid, liquid phase l Reaction equation M (Third body) Molecule m Mean m, n Concentration exponents (in Arrhenius equation) m, n, o Species xxii
NOMENCLATURE max Maximum value min Minimum value N Number nom Nominal value pre Premixed flame R Reactants r Radial direction r , ϕ, θ Spherical coordinate directions reac Reaction, reacting σ Surface (tension) S Surface, interface s Specific value sat Saturation sim (Numerical) Simulation stoich Stoichiometry, stoichiometric tot Total u Unburned (gas) v Vapor, vaporization Ψ Pre-vaporization, pre-vaporized x, y, z Cartesian coordinate directions ∞ Ambient value Superscripts () ′ Fluctuating component () ∗ Critical condition () ∗ Excited state (due to chemical reaction) () + Forward reaction (destruction <strong>of</strong> reactants) () − Backward reaction (production <strong>of</strong> reactants) (˙) Time derivative ( ¯ ) Time-averaged value (˜) Concentration () 0 Reference value () con (Species) Consumption () l Reaction equation () n Time step () prod (Species) Production xxiii
Page 1: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6: Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8: Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9 and 10: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 11: CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17: LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21: NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 24 and 25: NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 26 and 27: NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29: 1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31: 1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33: 1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35: 1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37: 2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39: 2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41: 2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43: 2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45: 2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47: 2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49: 2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51: 2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53: 2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55: 2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57: 2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59: 2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61: 2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63: 2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65: 2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67: 2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69: 2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 70 and 71: 2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
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REFERENCES [60] F. Buda, R. Bounace
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REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
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REFERENCES [102] D.L. Dietrich, P.M
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REFERENCES [124] R. Ennetta, M. Ham
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REFERENCES [146] A.G. Gaydon and H.
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REFERENCES [333] PCB Piezotronics,
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REFERENCES [462] S.-C. Wong, A.-C.
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