On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [177] J.B. Heywood. Gas Turbine Combustor Modeling for Calculating Nitric Oxide Emissions. In AIAA/SAE 7th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, number AIAA-71-712, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 1971. [178] J.B. Heywood and T. Mikus. Parameters Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions from Gas Turbine Combustors. In 41st Meeting of the AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Panel on “Atmospheric Pollution by Aircraft Engines”, pages 21/1–14, London, UK, 1973. [179] J.C. Hilliard and R.W. Wheeler. Catalysed Oxidation of Nitric Oxide to Nitrogen Dioxide. Combustion and Flame, 29:15–19, 1977. [180] J.O. Hirschfelder, C.F. Curtiss, and R.B. Bird. Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids. John Wiley & Sons, 1966. [181] J. Hoffmann. Messen nichtelektronischer Grössen – Grundlagen der Praxis. VDI-Verlag, 1996. [182] S. Honnet, K. Seshadri, U. Niemann, and N. Peters. A Surrogate Fuel for Kerosene. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 32:485–492, 2009. [183] M. Hori, N. Matsunaga, P.C. Malte, and N.M. Marinov. The Effect of Low-Concentration Fuels on the Conversion of Nitric Oxide to Nitrogen Dioxide. Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 909–916, 1992. [184] G.L. Hubbard, V.E. Denny, and A.F. Mills. Droplet Evaporation: Effects of Transients and Variable Properties. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 18:1003–1008, 1975. [185] K.J. Hughes, A.S. Tomlin, E. Hampartsoumian, W. Nimmo, I.G. Zsély, M. Ujvári, T. Turányi, A.R. Clague, and M.J. Pilling. An Investigation of Important Gas-Phase Reactions of Nitrogenous Species from the Simulation of Experimental Measurements in Combustion Systems. Combustion and Flame, 124:573–589, 2001. [186] K.J. Hughes, T. Turányi, A. Clague, and M.J. Pilling. Development and Testing of a Comprehensive Chemical Mechanism for the Oxidation of Methane. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 33:513–538, 2001. 250
REFERENCES [187] K.J. Hughes, T. Turányi, and M.J. Pilling. The Leeds Methane Oxidation Mechanism 1.5, July 2011. URL http://garfield.chem.elte. hu/Combustion/Combustion.html. [188] K.J. Hughes, T. Turányi, M.J. Pilling, and A.S. Tomlin. The Leeds Nitrogen Chemistry Mechanism 2.0, July 2011. URL http://garfield.chem. elte.hu/Combustion/Combustion.html. [189] I.E. Idelchik. Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance. Jaico Publishing House, 2008. [190] International Organization for Standardization (Genève, Switzerland). ISO 3977-2: Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings. Norm, June 1997. [191] A. Ishmurzin, B. Schramm, D. Lebiedz, and J. Warnatz. Reduction of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms for Large Hydrocarbons Combustion by the ILDM Method. In Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting, Orléans, France, 2003. [192] G.S. Jackson and C.T. Avedisian. The Effect of Initial Diameter in Spherically Symmetric Droplet Combustion of Sooting Fuels. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 446:255–276, 1994. [193] P. Jansohn. Bildung und Abbau N-haltiger Verbindungen, insbesondere von HCN, NH 3 und NO, in turbulenten Diffusionsflammen. Ph.D. diss., Universität Karlsruhe, 1991. [194] P. Jansohn, T. Ruck, C. Steinbach, H.-P. Knöpfel, and T. Sattelmayer. Development of the Advanced EV (AEV) Burner for the ABB GTX100 Gas Turbine. In ASME Asia 97 – International Gas Turbine Conference, number 97-AA-139, Singapore, 1997. [195] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Experimental Plan of JAXA- ESA Cooperative Microgravity Combustion Experiment “PHOENIX” for TEXUS-46. Technical report, September 2009. [196] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and EADS Astrium GmbH. Hardware/Software Interface Control Document (ICD) – Technical Experiment Module - Japanese Combustion Module (TEM-JCM). Technical report, March 2009. 251
Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
Page 226 and 227: A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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Page 232 and 233: A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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