On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [241] A.H. Lefebvre. Gas Turbine Combustion. Hemisphere Publishing, 1983. [242] A.H. Lefebvre. Fuel Effects on Gas Turbine Combustion-Liner Temperature, Pattern Factor, and Pollutant Emissions. Journal of Aircraft, 21: 887–898, 1984. [243] A.H. Lefebvre. Fuel Effects on Gas Turbine Combustion – Ignition, Stability, and Combustion Efficiency. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 107:24–37, 1985. [244] A.H. Lefebvre. Atomization and Sprays. Hemisphere Publishing, 1989. [245] A.H. Lefebvre. The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low-Emission Combustion. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 117:617–654, 1995. [246] A.H. Lefebvre (ed.). Lean Premixed/Prevaporized Combustion. Conference proceedings NASA/CP–1977-2016, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Cleveland, OH, USA, 1977. [247] G. Leippe, B. Lenzen, P. Spurk, W. Fabinski, M. Moede, H. Pongratz, W. Schindler, and E. Schiefer. Neues System zur Messung von Stickstoffkomponenten im Einsatz an SCR-Katalysatoren. MTZ, 65:392–399, 2004. [248] A. Levy. Unresolved Problems in SOx, NOx, Soot Control in Combustion. Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1223–1242, 1982. [249] B. Lewis and G. von Elbe. Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1951. [250] S.C. Li and F.A. Williams. NOx Formation in Two-Stage Methane-Air Flames. Combustion and Flame, 118:399–414, 1999. [251] S.C. Li, N. Ilincic, and F.A. Williams. Reduction of NOx Formation by Water Sprays in Strained Two-Stage Flames. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 119:836–843, 1997. [252] T. Lieuwen, Y. Neumeier, and B.T. Zinn. The Role of Unmixedness and Chemical Kinetics in Driving Combustion Instabilities in Lean Premixed Combustors. Combustion Science and Technology, 135:193–211, 1998. 256
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Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
Page 232 and 233: A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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