On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [451] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, D.C., USA). Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen. Report EPA600/8-91/049aF-cF, August 1993. [452] J.A. van Oijen and L.P.H. de Goey. A Numerical Study of Confined Triple Flames Using a Flamelet-Generated Manifold. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 8:141–163, 2004. [453] Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI-Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik und Chemieingenieurwesen (GVC), editor. VDI-Wärmeatlas – Berechnungsblätter für den Wärmeübergang. VDI-Verlag, 1994. [454] G. Vermes, L.E. Barta, and J.M. Beér. Low NOx Emission from an Ambient Pressure Diffusion Flame Fired Gas Turbine Cycle (APGC). Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 125:46–50, 2003. [455] H.G. Wagner. Soot Formation in Combustion. Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 3–19, 1979. [456] Y. Wakashima, S. Yamamoto, M. Kikuchi, S. Yoda, M. Mikami, and A. Umemura. Numerical and Experimental Study on Flame Propagating Mechanism of a Fuel Droplet Array. Microgravity Science and Technology, 16:338–341, 2005. [457] G.B. Wallis. One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow. McGraw-Hill, 1969. [458] J. Warnatz, R.W. Dibble, and U. Maas. Verbrennung. Springer-Verlag, 2001. [459] C.K. Westbrook and F.L. Dryer. Simplified Reaction Mechanism for the Oxidation of Hydrocarbon Fuels in Flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 27:31–43, 1981. [460] G. Wiegleb, U. Demisch, G. Horner, J. Kiesewetter, O. Kiesewetter, D. Kitzelmann, M. Unruh, M. Weber, and D. Wenker. Industrielle Gassensorik – Messverfahren, Signalverarbeitung, Anwendungstechnik, Prüfkriterien. Sensorik. expert verlag, 2001. [461] F.A. Williams. Combustion Theory. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1985. 276
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Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
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Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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