On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

REFERENCES [135] C.P. Fenimore and G.W. Jones. Rate of the Reaction, O + N 2 O → 2 NO. Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 127–133, 1961. [136] D. Fitz and W.A. Welch. Quantification of Uncertainties in Continuous Measurement Systems for Low NOx Emissions from Stationary Sources. Final report 01-AP-18491-01-DFR, College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, 2001. [137] R.S. Fletcher and J.B. Heywood. A Model for Nitric Oxide Emissions from Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines. In AIAA 9th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, number AIAA-71-123, New York, NY, USA, 1971. [138] R. Friedman and E. Burke. Measurement of Temperature Distribution in a Low Pressure Flat Flame. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 22:824–830, 1954. [139] J. Fritz. Flammenrückschlag durch verbrennungsinduziertes Wirbelaufplatzen. Ph.D. diss., Technische Universität München, 2003. [140] A. Frohn and N. Roth. Dynamics of Droplets. Springer-Verlag, 2000. [141] N. Frössling. Über die Verdunstung fallender Tropfen. Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik, 52:170–216, 1938. [142] N. Fuchs. Über die Verdampfungsgeschwindigkeit kleiner Tröpfchen in einer Gasatmosphäre. Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, 6:224– 243, 1934. [143] M. García-Fernández, M. Markgraf, and O. Montenbruck. Spin Rate Estimation of Sounding Rockets Using GPS Wind-up. GPS Solutions, 12: 155–161, 2008. [144] F.-J. Gärtner. Vergleich der Bildung von Stickstoffoxid in Methanol/Luftund Kohlenwasserstoff/Luft-Flammen. Ph.D. diss., Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1982. [145] M. Gautam. Testing of Volatile and Nonvolatile Emissions from Advanced Technology Natural Gas Vehicles. Final report, Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines & Emissions, West Virginia University, 2011. 246
REFERENCES [146] A.G. Gaydon and H.G. Wolfhard. Flames – Their Structure, Radiation and Temperature. Chapman and Hall, 1979. [147] V. Giovangigli. Multicomponent Flow Modeling. Birkhäuser Boston, 1999. [148] I. Glassman. Soot Formation in Combustion Processes. Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 295–311, 1988. [149] I. Glassman and R.A. Yetter. Combustion. Academic Press, 2008. [150] S. Gluck, C. Glenn, T. Logan, B. Vu, M. Walsh, and P. Williams. Evaluation of NOx Flue Gas Analyzers for Accuracy and Their Applicability for Low- Concentration Measurements. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53:749–758, 2003. [151] G.A.E Godsave. Combustion of Droplets in a Fuel Spray. Nature, 164: 708–709, 1949. [152] G.A.E. Godsave. Studies of the Combustion of Drops in a Fuel Spray – The Burning of Single Drops of Fuel. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 818–830, 1953. [153] G. Gogos, S. Soh, and D.N. Pope. Effects of Gravity and Ambient Pressure on Liquid Fuel Droplet Evaporation. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46:283–296, 2003. [154] M. Goldsmith. The Burning of Single Drops of Fuel in Oxidizing Atmospheres. Ph.D. diss., California Institute of Technology, 1955. [155] M. Goldsmith. Experiments on the Burning of Single Drops of Fuel. Jet Propulsion, 26:172–178, 1956. [156] D. Goodwin. Cantera, January 2009. URL http://sourceforge.net/ projects/cantera. [157] X. Gou, W. Sun, Z. Chen, and Y. Ju. A Dynamic Multi-Timescale Method for Combustion Modeling with Detailed and Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms. Combustion and Flame, 157:1111–1121, 2010. [158] H. Günzler and H.-U. Gremlich. IR-Spektroskopie. Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2003. 247
Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
Page 5 and 6:
Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
Page 7 and 8:
Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
Page 9 and 10:
Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 11:
CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
Page 14 and 15:
LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
Page 16 and 17:
LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
Page 18 and 19:
LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
Page 20 and 21:
NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
Page 22 and 23:
NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
Page 24 and 25:
NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
Page 26 and 27:
NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
Page 28 and 29:
1 Introduction In thermal engines t
Page 30 and 31:
1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
Page 32 and 33:
1 Introduction residence time of th
Page 34 and 35:
1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
Page 36 and 37:
2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
Page 38 and 39:
2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
Page 40 and 41:
2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
Page 42 and 43:
2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
Page 44 and 45:
2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
Page 46 and 47:
2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
Page 48 and 49:
2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
Page 50 and 51:
2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
Page 52 and 53:
2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
Page 54 and 55:
2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
Page 56 and 57:
2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
Page 58 and 59:
2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
Page 60 and 61:
2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
Page 62 and 63:
2 Combustion Theory before it follo
Page 64 and 65:
2 Combustion Theory position, which
Page 66 and 67:
2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
Page 68 and 69:
2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
Page 70 and 71:
2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
Page 72 and 73:
2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
Page 74 and 75:
2 Combustion Theory The results of
Page 76 and 77:
2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
Page 78 and 79:
2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
Page 80 and 81:
2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
Page 83 and 84:
3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
Page 85 and 86:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
Page 87 and 88:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
Page 89 and 90:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
Page 91 and 92:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
Page 93 and 94:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
Page 95 and 96:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
Page 97 and 98:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
Page 99 and 100:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
Page 101 and 102:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
Page 103 and 104:
3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
Page 105 and 106:
3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
Page 145 and 146:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
Page 147 and 148:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
Page 149 and 150:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
Page 151 and 152:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
Page 153 and 154:
4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
Page 155 and 156:
4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
Page 157 and 158:
4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
Page 159 and 160:
4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
Page 161 and 162:
4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
Page 163 and 164:
4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
Page 165 and 166:
4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
Page 167 and 168:
4.6 Model Validation with index i
Page 169 and 170:
4.6 Model Validation utilized model
Page 171 and 172:
4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
Page 173 and 174:
4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
Page 175 and 176:
4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
Page 177 and 178:
4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
Page 179:
4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
Page 182 and 183:
5 Results In total, it includes 99
Page 184 and 185:
5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
Page 186 and 187:
5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
Page 188 and 189:
5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
Page 190 and 191:
5 Results uses constant spatial pos
Page 192 and 193:
5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
Page 194 and 195:
5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
Page 196 and 197:
5 Results Even though the parameter
Page 198 and 199:
5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
Page 200 and 201:
5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
Page 202 and 203:
5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
Page 204 and 205:
5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
Page 206 and 207:
5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
Page 208 and 209:
5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
Page 210 and 211:
5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
Page 212 and 213:
5 Results D 0 being varied between
Page 214 and 215:
5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
Page 216 and 217:
5 Results A twofold trend was obser
Page 218 and 219:
5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
Page 221 and 222: 6 Summary and Conclusions In times
Page 223: APPENDIX
Page 226 and 227: A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
Page 228 and 229: A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
Page 230 and 231: A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
Page 232 and 233: A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
Page 261 and 262: REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES [39] C.H. Beck, R. Koch,
Page 265 and 266: REFERENCES [60] F. Buda, R. Bounace
Page 267 and 268: REFERENCES [80] Comsol AB (Stockhol
Page 269 and 270: REFERENCES [102] D.L. Dietrich, P.M
Page 271: REFERENCES [124] R. Ennetta, M. Ham
Page 275 and 276: REFERENCES [167] M.P. Halstead, L.J
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES [187] K.J. Hughes, T. Tu
Page 279 and 280: REFERENCES [207] M. Kikuchi, N. Sug
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES [229] N.M. Laurendeau. F
Page 283 and 284: REFERENCES [253] A. Liñán and F.A
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES [273] R.D. Matthews, R.F
Page 287 and 288: REFERENCES [293] K.G. Moesl, T. Sat
Page 289 and 290: REFERENCES [312] V. Nayagam, J.B. H
Page 291 and 292: REFERENCES [333] PCB Piezotronics,
Page 293 and 294: REFERENCES [353] K.K. Rink and A.H.
Page 295 and 296: REFERENCES [374] T. Sano. NO 2 Form
Page 297 and 298: REFERENCES [395] A.T. Shih and C.M.
Page 299 and 300: REFERENCES [419] J.H. Spurk. Ström
Page 301 and 302: REFERENCES [441] J.S. Tsai and A.M.
Page 303 and 304: REFERENCES [462] S.-C. Wong, A.-C.
show all

On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?