On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [430] R. Tal (Thau), D.N. Lee, and W.A. Sirignano. Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Sphere Assemblages - Cylindrical Cell Models. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 26:1265–1273, 1983. [431] M. Tanabe, M. Kono, J. Sato, J. and. Koenig, C. Eigenbrod, and H.J. Rath. Effects of Natural Convection on Two Stage Ignition of an n-Dodecane Droplet. Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 455–461, 1994. [432] M. Tanabe, M. Kono, J. Sato, J. Koenig, C. Eigenbrod, F. Dinkelacker, and H.J. Rath. Two Stage Ignition of n-Heptane Isolated Droplets. Combustion Science and Technology, 108:103–119, 1995. [433] M. Tanabe, T. Bolik, C. Eigenbrod, H.J. Rath, J. Sato, and M. Kono. Spontaneous Ignition of Liquid Droplets from a View of Non-Homogeneous Mixture Formation and Transient Chemical Reactions. Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1637–1643, 1996. [434] Thermo Electron Corporation (Madison, WI, USA). Gas Cell User’s Guide, 2003. [435] Thermo Electron Corporation (Madison, WI, USA). OMNIC ® User’s Guide, 2006. [436] Thermo Nicolet Corporation (Madison, WI, USA). OMNIC ® QuantPad User’s Guide, 1995. [437] Thermo Scientific (Madison, WI, USA). The Use of FT-IR to Analyze NOx Gases in Automobile Exhaust. Application note 50649, 2007. [438] Thermo Scientific (Madison, WI, USA). FT-IR Sampling Parameters for Exhaust Gas Measurements. Application note 50650, 2007. [439] R.J. Tidona, A.A. Nizami, and N.P. Cernansky. Reducing Interference Effects in the Chemiluminescent Measurement of Nitric Oxides from Combustion Systems. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 38:806–811, 1988. [440] G. Tiné. Gas Sampling and Chemical Analysis in Combustion Processes. NATO Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development: AGARDograph. Pergamon Press, 1961. 274
REFERENCES [441] J.S. Tsai and A.M. Sterling. The Combustion of Linear Droplet Arrays. Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1405–1411, 1990. [442] H. Tsuji. Counterflow Diffusion Flames. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 8:93–119, 1982. [443] S.R. Turns. An Introduction to Combustion – Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000. [444] T. Ueda, O. Imamura, K. Okai, M. Tsue, M. Kono, and J. Sato. Combustion Behavior of Single Droplets for Sooting and Non Sooting Fuels in Direct Current Electric Fields Under Microgravity. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29:2595–2601, 2002. [445] A. Umemura. A Theoretical Study on the Unsteady, Interactive Combustion of a Linear Fuel Droplet Stream. Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1445–1453, 1990. [446] A. Umemura. Flame Propagation Along a Linear Array of Liquid Droplets Under Micro-Gravity Condition (1st & 2nd Report, Inter- Droplet Flame Propagation Map, in Japanese). Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. B, 68:2422–2436, 2002. [447] A. Umemura and M. Uchida. Flame Propagation Along a Linear Array of Liquid Droplets Under Micro-Gravity Condition (3rd Report, Inter- Droplet Flame Propagation Map, in Japanese). Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. B, 68:2636–2642, 2002. [448] A. Umemura, A. Ogawa, and N. Oshiwa. Analysis of the Interaction Between Two Burning Droplets. Combustion and Flame, 41:45–55, 1981. [449] Umweltbundesamt. Emission Trends for Germany Since 1990, March 2011. URL http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/emissionen/ publikationen.htm. [450] U.S. Energy Information Administration (Washington, D.C., USA). Annual Energy Review (AER) 2010, October 2011. URL http://www.eia. gov/aer. 275
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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
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A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
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B Investigated Conditions There are
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B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
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B Investigated Conditions high mech
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C Design Details of Experiment Equi
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Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
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