On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [217] J.C. Kramlich and P.C. Malte. Modeling and Measurement of Sample Probe Effects on Pollutant Gases Drawn from Flame Zones. Combustion Science and Technology, 18:91–104, 1978. [218] M. Kröner. Einfluss lokaler Löschvorgänge auf den Flammenrückschlag durch verbrennungsinduziertes Wirbelaufplatzen. Ph.D. diss., Technische Universität München, 2003. [219] S. Kumagai. Combustion of Fuel Droplets in a Falling Chamber with Special Reference to the Effect of Natural Convection. Jet Propulsion, 26:786, 1956. [220] S. Kumagai. Combustion of Fuel Sprays. Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 668–674, 1956. [221] S. Kumagai and H. Isoda. Combustion of Fuel Droplets. Nature, 166: 1111, 1950. [222] S. Kumagai and H. Isoda. Combustion of Fuel Droplets in a Falling Chamber. Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 726–731, 1956. [223] S. Kumagai, T. Sakai, and S. Okajima. Combustion of Free Fuel Droplets in a Freely Falling Chamber. Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 779–785, 1970. [224] P.K. Kundu and I.M. Cohen. Fluid Mechanics. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004. [225] K.K. Kuo. Principles of Combustion. John Wiley & Sons, 1986. [226] V.N. Kurdyumov and A. Liñán. Structure of a Flame Front Propagating Against the Flow Near a Cold Wall. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 12:2547–2555, 2002. [227] M. Labowsky. Calculation of the Burning Rates of Interacting Fuel Droplets. Combustion Science and Technology, 22:217–226, 1980. [228] J.C. Lasheras, A.C. Fernandez-Pello, and F.L. Dryer. On the Disruptive Burning of Free Droplets of Alcohol/n-Paraffin Solutions and Emulsions. Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 293–305, 1981. 254
REFERENCES [229] N.M. Laurendeau. Fast Nitrogen Dioxide Reactions: Significance During NO Decomposition and NO 2 Formation. Combustion Science and Technology, 11:89–96, 1975. [230] C.K. Law. Asymptotic Theory for Ignition and Extinction in Droplet Burning. Combustion and Flame, 24:89–98, 1975. [231] C.K. Law. Unsteady Droplet Combustion with Droplet Heating. Combustion and Flame, 26:17–22, 1976. [232] C.K. Law. Multicomponent Droplet Combustion with Rapid Internal Mixing. Combustion and Flame, 26:219–233, 1976. [233] C.K. Law. Recent Advances in Droplet Vaporization and Combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 8:171–201, 1982. [234] C.K. Law. Combustion in Microgravity: Opportunities, Challenges, and Progress. In 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, number AIAA-90-0120, Reno, NV, USA, 1990. [235] C.K. Law and G.M. Faeth. Opportunities and Challenges of Combustion in Microgravity. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 20:65–113, 1994. [236] C.K. Law and W.A Sirignano. Unsteady Droplet Combustion with Droplet Heating - II: Conduction Limit. Combustion and Flame, 28:175– 186, 1977. [237] C.K. Law and F.A. Williams. Kinetics and Convection in the Combustion of Alkane Droplets. Combustion and Flame, 19:393–405, 1972. [238] C.K. Law, S.H. Chung, and N. Srinivasan. Gas-Phase Quasi-Steadiness and Fuel Vapor Accumulation Effects in Droplet Burning. Combustion and Flame, 38:173–198, 1980. [239] A. Lee and C.K. Law. An Experimental Investigation on the Vaporization and Combustion of Methanol and Ethanol Droplets. Combustion Science and Technology, 86:253–265, 1992. [240] J.C.Y. Lee, P.C. Malte, and M.A. Benjamin. Low NOx Combustion for Liquid Fuels: Atmospheric Pressure Experiments Using a Staged Prevaporizer-Premixer. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 125:861–871, 2003. 255
Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
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5 Results A twofold trend was obser
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5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
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6 Summary and Conclusions In times
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APPENDIX
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A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
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A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
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Page 232 and 233: A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
Page 261 and 262: REFERENCES [20] K. Annamalai and W.
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