On the Formation of Nitrogen Oxides During the Combustion of ...

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REFERENCES [70] J.S. Chin and A.H. Lefebvre. The Role of the Heat-up Period in Fuel Drop Evaporation. International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, 2:315–325, 1985. [71] H.H. Chiu. Dynamics of Deformation of Liquid Drops. Astronautica Acta, 15:199–213, 1970. [72] H.H. Chiu and T.M. Liu. Group Combustion of Liquid Droplets. Combustion Science and Technology, 17:127–142, 1977. [73] H.H. Chiu, H.Y. Kim, and E.J. Croke. Internal Group Combustion of Liquid Droplet. Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 971–980, 1982. [74] S.Y. Cho and F.L. Dryer. A Numerical Study of the Unsteady Burning Behaviour of n-Heptane Droplets. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 3:267–280, 1999. [75] S.Y. Cho, M.Y. Choi, and F.L. Dryer. Extinction of a Free Methanol Droplet in Microgravity. Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1611–1617, 1990. [76] M.Y. Choi, F.L. Dryer, and J.B. Haggard Jr. Observations on Slow Burning Regime for Hydrocarbon Droplets: n-Heptane/Air Results. Twenty- Third Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pages 1597–1604, 1990. [77] M.Y. Choi, F.L. Dryer, J.M. Card, F.A. Williams, J.B. Haggard Jr., and B.A. Borowski. Microgravity Combustion of Isolated n-Decane and n- Heptane Droplets. In 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, number AIAA-92-0242, Reno, NV, USA, 1992. [78] M.Y. Choi, F.L. Dryer, G.J. Green, and J.J. Sangiovanni. Soot Agglomeration in Isolated Free Droplet Combustion. In 31th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, number AIAA-93-0823, Reno, NV, USA, 1993. [79] M.Y. Choi, A. Yozgatligil, A. Kazakov, F.L. Dryer, and P. Ferkul. Sooting and Radiation Effects in Microgravity Droplet Combustion. In AIAA Conference & Exhibit on International Space Station Utilization, number AIAA-2001-5045, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA, 2001. 240
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Page 1:
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN In
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Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ents
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Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit
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Contents List of Figures List of Ta
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CONTENTS 5 Results 155 5.1 Droplets
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LIST OF FIGURES xiv 3.3 Droplet Arr
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LIST OF FIGURES 5.19 Progression of
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LIST OF TABLES C.2 Overview of Tele
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NOMENCLATURE g Gravitational force
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NOMENCLATURE σ S Surface tension N
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NOMENCLATURE () T Thermal, temperat
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NOMENCLATURE PAL PAN PDU PFA PFC PH
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1 Introduction In thermal engines t
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1 Introduction 1.3 Oxides of Nitrog
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1 Introduction residence time of th
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1 Introduction Chapter 3 describes
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2 Combustion Theory 2.1.1 Premixed
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2 Combustion Theory molecules by ea
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2 Combustion Theory four types. Out
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2 Combustion Theory ventional combu
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2 Combustion Theory of partial pre-
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2 Combustion Theory Formation of Fu
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2 Combustion Theory Moreover, exper
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2 Combustion Theory For the gas pha
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2 Combustion Theory combustion, ext
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2 Combustion Theory termed “natur
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2 Combustion Theory thin layer of u
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2 Combustion Theory nor generally c
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2 Combustion Theory is assumed to o
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2 Combustion Theory before it follo
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2 Combustion Theory position, which
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2 Combustion Theory 2.3 Kinetic Mod
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2 Combustion Theory 1.2 m s −1 La
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2 Combustion Theory Mole fraction o
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2 Combustion Theory Reburn Miller a
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2 Combustion Theory The results of
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2 Combustion Theory Temperature T 3
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2 Combustion Theory 0.0004 GRI 3.0
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2 Combustion Theory In conclusion,
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3 Experiments on Droplet Array Comb
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility and
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility C D
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility ous
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility for
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility par
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility The
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility a c
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility •
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Tab
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3.1 Droplet Combustion Facility Fig
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3.2 Measurement Techniques and Data
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3.3 Numerical Study of the Fluid Dy
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4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling 4
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling n
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling P
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4.2 Basics for Numerical Modeling E
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition In the end
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition 10 W Time
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4.3 Modeling of Ignition Hence, the
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4.4 Modeling of Nitrogen Oxide Form
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets t
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4.5 Simulation of Single Droplets e
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4.6 Model Validation with index i
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4.6 Model Validation utilized model
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4.6 Model Validation Figure 4.7 dep
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4.6 Model Validation 340 K Ambient
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4.6 Model Validation Table 4.1: Val
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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4.7 Scope and Limitations of Single
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5 Results In total, it includes 99
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5 Results atmosphere of Figure 5.1
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5 Results 32 g kg −1 2400 K Emiss
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5 Results 4.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results uses constant spatial pos
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5 Results 16 g kg −1 Emission ind
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5 Results Maximum temperature Tmax
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5 Results Even though the parameter
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results 5.2.3 Comparison with Mic
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5 Results 0.50 5000 ppm Emission in
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5 Results Ψ = 0.1695 (t Ψ = 5 s):
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5 Results 6.0 g kg −1 Emission in
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5 Results combustion in exhaust gas
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5 Results Flame stand-off ratio ζ
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5 Results D 0 being varied between
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5 Results 0.40 g kg −1 Initial dr
Page 216 and 217: 5 Results A twofold trend was obser
Page 218 and 219: 5 Results 5.6 Recommendations and F
Page 221 and 222: 6 Summary and Conclusions In times
Page 223: APPENDIX
Page 226 and 227: A Chemical Mechanisms The earliest
Page 228 and 229: A Chemical Mechanisms only deduced
Page 230 and 231: A Chemical Mechanisms Another, very
Page 232 and 233: A Chemical Mechanisms the reactions
Page 234 and 235: B Investigated Conditions There are
Page 236 and 237: B Investigated Conditions Table B.1
Page 238 and 239: B Investigated Conditions high mech
Page 240 and 241: C Design Details of Experiment Equi
Page 250 and 251: D Raw Data of Microgravity Experime
Page 256 and 257: SUPERVISED THESES Student Sebastian
Page 259 and 260: References [1] J.A. Aardenne van, G
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