integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix xi Nomenclature xxi Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii Greek (and other) Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Latin Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 General formalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 General introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.1 Distributed generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.2 Fuel cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.3 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.4 Demand for cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 SOFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.1 SOFC Waste heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.2 Topsoe Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.3 APU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.4 Micro CHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.5 DG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Heat driven cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5.1 Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5.2 Carré cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5.3 Platen Munters cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5.4 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Problem delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2 Market investigation 19 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 xii
Contents 2.2.1 Truck APU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.2 Ship APU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 Micro Combined Heat and Power (µCHP) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.1 Micro CHP - Air condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.2 Micro CHP - Refrigerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4 Distributed Generation (DG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.1 Three solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4.2 Hot vs Normal climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5 Conclusion of the whole market investigation . . . . . . . . . 39 3 Component description 41 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.1.1 EES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.1.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2 Absorber - ABSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3 Blower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.4 Burner - BURN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.5 Condenser - COND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.6 Desorber - DES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.7 Evaporator - EVAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.8 Heat Exchanger - HEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.9 Mixer - MIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.10 Pre Reformer - PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.11 Pump - PUMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.12 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.12.1 Chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.13 Splitter - SP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.14.1 Dry Cooling Tower - TOWERd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.14.2 Wet Cooling Tower - TOWERw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.15 Expansion valve - VA/VB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.15.1 Expansion valve for refrigerant - VA . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.15.2 Expansion valve for LiBr solution - VB . . . . . . . . . 76 4 System description 79 4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.2 SOFC subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.2.1 Fuel pretreatment and recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.2.2 Air inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 xiii
Page 1: INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
Page 5: Abstract It is investigated whether
Page 9: Preface This report is documentatio
Page 14 and 15: CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
Page 16 and 17: CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
Page 21 and 22: NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
Page 23 and 24: Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
Page 25: Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
Page 28 and 29: 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
Page 30 and 31: 1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
Page 32 and 33: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
Page 34 and 35: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
Page 36 and 37: 1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
Page 38 and 39: 1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
Page 40 and 41: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
Page 42 and 43: 1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
Page 44 and 45: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
Page 46 and 47: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
Page 48 and 49: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
Page 50 and 51: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
Page 52 and 53: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
Page 54 and 55: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
Page 56 and 57: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
Page 58 and 59: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
Page 60 and 61: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
Page 62 and 63:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
Page 64 and 65:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
Page 67 and 68:
C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
Page 69 and 70:
3.1. Introduction The seven stream
Page 71 and 72:
3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
Page 73 and 74:
3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
Page 75 and 76:
3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
Page 77 and 78:
3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
Page 79 and 80:
3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
Page 81 and 82:
3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
Page 83 and 84:
3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
Page 85 and 86:
3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
Page 87 and 88:
3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
Page 89 and 90:
3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
Page 91 and 92:
3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
Page 99 and 100:
3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
Page 101 and 102:
3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
Page 103:
3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
Page 106 and 107:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
Page 108 and 109:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
Page 110 and 111:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
Page 112 and 113:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
Page 114 and 115:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
Page 116 and 117:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
Page 118 and 119:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
Page 120 and 121:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
Page 122 and 123:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
Page 124 and 125:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
Page 126 and 127:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
Page 128 and 129:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
Page 131 and 132:
C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
Page 133 and 134:
5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
Page 135 and 136:
5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
Page 137 and 138:
5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
Page 139 and 140:
5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
Page 141 and 142:
5.2. System configurations Red repr
Page 143 and 144:
5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
Page 145 and 146:
5.2. System configurations in a hot
Page 147 and 148:
5.3. Partial optimization of standa
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
Page 171 and 172:
5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
Page 173 and 174:
5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
Page 175 and 176:
5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
Page 177 and 178:
5.5. Total optimization of system i
Page 179 and 180:
5.5. Total optimization of system e
Page 181 and 182:
C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
Page 183 and 184:
6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
Page 185 and 186:
6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
Page 187 and 188:
6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
Page 189 and 190:
6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
Page 191 and 192:
C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
Page 193 and 194:
7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
Page 195 and 196:
7.2. Economical considerations Furt
Page 197 and 198:
7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
Page 199 and 200:
7.2. Economical considerations to 6
Page 201 and 202:
7.2. Economical considerations As m
Page 203 and 204:
C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
Page 205 and 206:
For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
Page 207 and 208:
C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
Page 209 and 210:
BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
Page 211 and 212:
Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
Page 213:
Appendices 187
Page 216 and 217:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
Page 218 and 219:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
Page 220 and 221:
Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
Page 222 and 223:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
Page 224 and 225:
Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
Page 226 and 227:
Sensitivity analysis The effect on
Page 228 and 229:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
Page 230 and 231:
From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
Page 232 and 233:
Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
Page 234 and 235:
SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 236 and 237:
16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239:
SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 240 and 241:
Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
Page 242 and 243:
Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
Page 244 and 245:
Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
Page 246 and 247:
Prices of absorption cooling units
Page 248 and 249:
1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
Page 250 and 251:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
Page 252 and 253:
Retail electricity prices Exchange
Page 254 and 255:
B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
Page 256 and 257:
B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
Page 258 and 259:
B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
Page 260 and 261:
C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
Page 262 and 263:
C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
Page 264 and 265:
C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
Page 266 and 267:
C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
Page 268 and 269:
C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
Page 270 and 271:
C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
Page 272 and 273:
C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
Page 274 and 275:
C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 276 and 277:
C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
Page 278 and 279:
C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
Page 280 and 281:
C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
Page 282 and 283:
C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 284 and 285:
C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
Page 286 and 287:
C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
Page 288 and 289:
C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
Page 290 and 291:
C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
Page 292 and 293:
C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
Page 294 and 295:
C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
Page 297 and 298:
A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
Page 299 and 300:
D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
Page 301 and 302:
A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
Page 303 and 304:
E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
Page 305 and 306:
E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
Page 307 and 308:
E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
Page 309:
E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
Page 312 and 313:
SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
Page 322:
1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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