integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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5. SIMULATION AND RESULTS these are only included in the figure with the electrical efficiency (figure 5.27A). The components in the ABS system generally only affect the cooling power so these are only included in the figure with the COP (figure 5.27B). ηsys,el,net increase SOFC system Pressure Losses: El. efficiency 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% ∆pBurn,i,2 ∆pGGHEX3,c ∆pGGHEX3,h ∆pGGHEX4,c ∆pGGHEX4,h ∆pMIXG2,i,1 ∆pSPG2,o,1 ∆pWGHEX1,g ∆pWGHEX2,g ∆pWGHEX3,g -50% -30% -10% 10% 30% 50% -1% -2% -3% -4% -5% Increase of ∆p (relative to std parameter cfg.) COPABS,fuel increase ABS unit Pressure Losses: COP 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% -1% -2% -3% -4% -5% Increase of ∆p compared to absolute pressure ∆pABSO,r ∆pABSO,s ∆pCOND1,r ∆pCOND2,r ∆pDES1 ∆pSHEX1,ss ∆pDES2 ∆pSHEX1,ws ∆pEVAP,r ∆pMIXL1,1 ∆pMIXL1,2 ∆pMIXR1,1 ∆pMIXR1,2 ∆pSHEX2,ss ∆pSHEX2,ws Figure 5.27: A Note that the left figure shows the components of the SOFC system and exhaust gas. These components have a pressure losses to begin with, so the x-axis shows the percentage increase of this value. B The right figures shows the components of the ABS system. They do not have a pressure loss to begin with (it is zero as standard). So for these the percentage increase of the loss (x-axis) is of the absolute pressure in the given component. η sys,el ,net The pressure losses in the SOFC system have been approximated to values from the TOFC models, so they are assumed to be relatively reliable, and hence they are assumed to lay within +/- 50% of the standard parameter value. It can be seen that all the pressure losses are relatively insignificant - the most influential is the Burner and GGHEX3, which can change the electrical efficiency one percent (0,5 percent point), see figure 5.27A. The reason why these have a bigger influence than the other pressure losses is, that the standard loss is 4kPa in both of these (while the pressure loss is smaller for each of the other components) which means that if 144
5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the pressure loss is increased by 50%, it means a larger increase in kPa than for the other components. COP ABS,f uel In the standard parameter configuration the pressure losses of the absorption unit components have been neglected. Hence it is not possible to talk about increasing the pressure loss by a certain percentage. So another way had to be found, and since the absolute pressure changes very much (from 0,65kPa in the evaporator to 120kPa in the high temperature desorber) it has been chosen to let the pressure loss be a percentage of the total (absolute) pressure in each component. It has been chosen to use 10% and the values are only plotted on the positive x-axis, since a negative x-axis would suggest a pressure increase for the components where the standard pressure loss is zero. For the absorption cycle the most important components are seen to be the evaporator and absorber (figure 5.27B). COP ABS,f uel is decreased a little less than 1,5% if the pressure loss of EVAP and ABSO is 0,066kPa (10% of the total pressure which is 0,66kPa). And these components even have the disadvantage, that the volume flow of fluid in them is quite large, since the low pressure increases the specific volume of the gas. But again the influence on COP is quite small relative to e.g. CATD and some of the parameters to come in the next subsection. 5.4.3 Heat Losses η sys,el ,net It is seen that the heat losses generally have a very limited effect on the electrical efficiency with the exception of the SOFC, which actually increases the net generated electricity by almost 1%, see figure 5.28A. This is because less cooling of the SOFC is needed, so less air is sent through the blower, which diminishes blower power consumption. COP ABS,f uel The absorption unit generally suffers when heat losses occur, since it means less energy for evaporating the refrigerant in the desorbers. The difference between the different components (see figure 5.28B) occur 145
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INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
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Abstract It is investigated whether
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Preface This report is documentatio
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
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CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
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NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
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Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
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Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
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1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
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1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
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1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
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1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
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1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
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C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
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3.1. Introduction The seven stream
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
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3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
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3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
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3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
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3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
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3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
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3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
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3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
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3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
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3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
Page 120 and 121: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
Page 122 and 123: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
Page 124 and 125: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
Page 126 and 127: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
Page 128 and 129: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
Page 131 and 132: C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
Page 133 and 134: 5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
Page 135 and 136: 5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
Page 137 and 138: 5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
Page 139 and 140: 5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
Page 141 and 142: 5.2. System configurations Red repr
Page 143 and 144: 5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
Page 145 and 146: 5.2. System configurations in a hot
Page 147 and 148: 5.3. Partial optimization of standa
Page 155 and 156: Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
Page 169: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
Page 173 and 174: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
Page 175 and 176: 5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
Page 177 and 178: 5.5. Total optimization of system i
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. Total optimization of system e
Page 181 and 182: C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
Page 183 and 184: 6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
Page 185 and 186: 6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
Page 187 and 188: 6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
Page 189 and 190: 6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
Page 191 and 192: C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
Page 193 and 194: 7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
Page 195 and 196: 7.2. Economical considerations Furt
Page 197 and 198: 7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
Page 199 and 200: 7.2. Economical considerations to 6
Page 201 and 202: 7.2. Economical considerations As m
Page 203 and 204: C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
Page 205 and 206: For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
Page 207 and 208: C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
Page 209 and 210: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
Page 213: Appendices 187
Page 216 and 217: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
Page 218 and 219: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
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Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
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Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
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Sensitivity analysis The effect on
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
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From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
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Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
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Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
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Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
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Prices of absorption cooling units
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1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
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Retail electricity prices Exchange
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
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C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
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C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
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C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
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C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
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C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
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C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
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C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
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C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
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C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
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A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
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1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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