integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps. Mulige anvendelser af absorptionskøling Absorptionskøling evner i grundprincippet at tage varme fra to temperaturniveauer (en lavtemperatur energikilde og en højtemperatur energikilde) og aflevere hele varmemængden ved en mellemtemperatur. For at processen skal være mulig skal denne mellemtemperatur ligge tættest på lavtemperatur energikilden Grafisk fremstillet kan det se ud som følger : Temperatur akse Varmetilførsel ved høj temperatur Varmetilførsel ved lav temperatur Varmeafgivelse ved mellemtemperatur 286 VEGENDALVEJ 18 APS REG. NR. 206388 P.O. BOX 143 SE-NR. 16073105 DK-7700 THISTED BANK: NORDEA A/S PHONE: +45-96 19 53 22 DK-7700 THISTED FAX: +45-96 19 53 23 DENMARK
SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps. En mere uddybende beskrivelse er angivet i følgende hvor de reelle begrænsninger er beskrevet mere detaljeret. 1. Da kølemidlet er vand kan der ikke opereres med temperaturer under 0 °C. I praksis er det uden specielle foranstaltninger dog ikke realistisk at køre med udgangstemperaturer på det kølede vand fra fordamperen på under 6 °C da der skal være en rimelig margin mellem driftstemperatur og frysevagtstemperaturen der generer sikkerhedsstop. 2. Af hensyn til begrænsning af indre korrosion laver man normalt ikke driftstemperaturer på generatoren på over 150 °C. 3. Højere temperaturforskel mellem fordamper og absorber kræver højere LiBr koncentration. Den maksimale koncentration der kan tolereres svarer til ca. 40 °C i temperaturforskel. For at opnå den nødvendige LiBr koncentration uden for store hedeflader kræves der en temperaturforskel mellem kondensatorudgang og generator som typisk er 20 °C hørere end temperaturforskellen mellem fordamper og absorber (udgangstemperaturer). 4. Varmeafgivelsen kommer desuden ikke fra ét sted, men i stedet fra to steder i processen som ikke nødvendigvis har samme temperaturniveau. Varmen genereres nemlig både i absorberen der absorbere dampene fra fordamperen (ca. 56 % af varmeafgivelsen) og kondensatoren der kondenserer dampene fra generatoren (ca. 44 % af varmeafgivelsen). Kølevandet til de to varmeafgivere er normalt koblet i serie så de fremstår som én kilde, men andre koblinger er også muligt. På varmepumper (højtemperatur maskiner som laver fjernvarme) er absorberen altid koblet før kondensatoren. På kølemaskiner (lavtemperatur maskiner som laver vand til køleformål) er koblingen normalt modsat. 5. Energimæssigt udgør lavtemperatur energikilden 70-75 % af højtemperatur energikilden. Da vands fordampningsvarme er dominerende i forhold varmekapaciteten (henført til nogle graders temperaturvariation) er dette forhold næsten uafhængigt af driftstemperaturer og belastning for en given maskine. 6. Absorptions varmepumpers interne el-forbrug består i det væsentlige i forsyning af to små pumper. For større maskiner (i MW størrelse og op efter) ligger el-forbruget på ca. 2 promille af køleeffekten. For helt små maskiner (100 kW) ligger forbruget dog på ca. 1 % af køleydelsen. Under alle omstændigheder et ret ubetydeligt forbrug som langt overgås af de effekter der kræves til pumper for at cirkulere vand fra de eksternt koblede kredse gennem maskinerne. Dette forbrug kan dog for varmepumper sidestilles med forbruget ved alternative måder at fremstille varme på. Der kan nu på næste side opstilles følgende mere fyldestgørende principskitse. 287 VEGENDALVEJ 18 APS REG. NR. 206388 P.O. BOX 143 SE-NR. 16073105 DK-7700 THISTED BANK: NORDEA A/S PHONE: +45-96 19 53 22 DK-7700 THISTED FAX: +45-96 19 53 23 DENMARK
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INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
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Abstract It is investigated whether
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Preface This report is documentatio
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
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CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
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NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
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Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
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Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
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1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
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1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
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1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
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1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
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1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
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C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
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3.1. Introduction The seven stream
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
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3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
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3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
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3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
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3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
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3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
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3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
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3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
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3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
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3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
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5.2. System configurations in a hot
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5.3. Partial optimization of standa
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Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
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5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
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5.5. Total optimization of system i
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5.5. Total optimization of system e
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C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
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6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
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6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
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6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
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6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
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C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
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7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
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7.2. Economical considerations Furt
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7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
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7.2. Economical considerations to 6
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7.2. Economical considerations As m
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C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
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For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
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C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
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Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
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Appendices 187
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
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Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
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Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
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Sensitivity analysis The effect on
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
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From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
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Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
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Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
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Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
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Prices of absorption cooling units
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1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
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Retail electricity prices Exchange
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
Page 262 and 263: C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
Page 264 and 265: C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
Page 266 and 267: C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
Page 268 and 269: C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
Page 270 and 271: C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
Page 272 and 273: C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
Page 274 and 275: C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 276 and 277: C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
Page 278 and 279: C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
Page 280 and 281: C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
Page 282 and 283: C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 284 and 285: C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
Page 286 and 287: C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
Page 288 and 289: C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
Page 290 and 291: C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
Page 292 and 293: C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
Page 294 and 295: C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
Page 297 and 298: A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
Page 299 and 300: D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
Page 301 and 302: A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
Page 303 and 304: E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
Page 305 and 306: E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
Page 307 and 308: E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
Page 309: E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
Page 314 and 315: SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
Page 320 and 321: 8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
Page 322: 1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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