integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Conclusion In general both the SOFC and the ABS seem to have an economical potential. The SOFC profitability depends a lot on the purchase price, and ABS profitability depends a lot on the gas price and SOFC efficiency. Furthermore it seems that hot climates make the ABS far more advantageous because of the increased usage fraction. The general tendency is that the addition of the SOFC (Case B vs A) is very profitable, since the electricity generated by the SOFC is only 0,4DKK/kWh - about half the price of the electricity form the grid (0,75DKK/kWh). So the total cost is almost cut in halves, and 12mil. DKK is saved over a 10 year period with an original investment of around 1,0mil. DKK for the SOFC system. This does however require the fuel cell system to last 10 years, so stack degradation has to be minimized from today’s level. But since the yearly savings of electricity is 3,0mil. DKK and the extra cost of natural gas is 1,5mil. DKK, the purchase price of the SOFC (1,0- 1,2mil. DKK) will be earned back within the first year! If an ABS unit is used, the additional investment (compared to a purely electrical air conditioner) will be 0,4 mil. DKK, and the electricity savings in 10 years are around 1,9mil. DKK for the hot climate, so this looks very profitable with a pay back time or around 1,5 years). It must, however, be noted that there are a lot of assumptions and simplifications in the calculations, such as neglected installation costs, piping, maintenance, equal selling and buying prices of electricity and nonfluctuation cooling and electricity consumption during the day (the latter might be solved by a storage of cold water and electricity). 38
2.5. Conclusion of the whole market investigation 2.5 Conclusion of the whole market investigation From the economical investigations it has been concluded that the two areas appearing to have the biggest advantage of using an absorption cooling unit in conjunction with a SOFC is the ship APU and the hotel DG. In both these cases it looks like there is a definite market potential with the pay back time being just below 2 years (although various assumptions and neglecting of maintenance, installation costs etc. can have made the outcome a little too optimistic). But it seems that the idea of combining the two technologies has a potential, so it has been decided to carry on with the project and create a thermodynamical model of the combined system. 39
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INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
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Abstract It is investigated whether
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Preface This report is documentatio
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 14 and 15: CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
Page 16 and 17: CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
Page 21 and 22: NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
Page 23 and 24: Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
Page 25: Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
Page 28 and 29: 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
Page 30 and 31: 1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
Page 32 and 33: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
Page 34 and 35: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
Page 36 and 37: 1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
Page 38 and 39: 1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
Page 40 and 41: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
Page 42 and 43: 1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
Page 44 and 45: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
Page 46 and 47: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
Page 48 and 49: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
Page 50 and 51: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
Page 52 and 53: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
Page 54 and 55: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
Page 56 and 57: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
Page 58 and 59: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
Page 60 and 61: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
Page 62 and 63: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
Page 67 and 68: C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
Page 69 and 70: 3.1. Introduction The seven stream
Page 71 and 72: 3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
Page 73 and 74: 3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
Page 75 and 76: 3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
Page 77 and 78: 3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
Page 79 and 80: 3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
Page 81 and 82: 3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
Page 83 and 84: 3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
Page 85 and 86: 3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
Page 87 and 88: 3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
Page 89 and 90: 3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
Page 91 and 92: 3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
Page 97 and 98: 3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
Page 99 and 100: 3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
Page 101 and 102: 3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
Page 103: 3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
Page 106 and 107: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
Page 108 and 109: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
Page 110 and 111: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
Page 112 and 113: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
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5.2. System configurations in a hot
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5.3. Partial optimization of standa
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Page 151 and 152:
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Page 155 and 156:
Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
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Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
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5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
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5.5. Total optimization of system i
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5.5. Total optimization of system e
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C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
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6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
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6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
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6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
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6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
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C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
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7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
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7.2. Economical considerations Furt
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7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
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7.2. Economical considerations to 6
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7.2. Economical considerations As m
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C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
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For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
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C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
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Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
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Appendices 187
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
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Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
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Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
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Sensitivity analysis The effect on
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
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From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
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Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
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Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
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Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
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Prices of absorption cooling units
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1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
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Retail electricity prices Exchange
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
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C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
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C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
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C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
Page 268 and 269:
C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
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C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
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C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
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C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
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C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
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C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
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A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
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1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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