integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

More documents

Recommendations

Info

5. SIMULATION AND RESULTS Figure 5.23: The influence of the Closest Approach Temperature for the Water-Gas HEXes on the COP (STD value is 15 ◦ C). The electrical efficiency remains virtually constant. The brown and green line is the temperature of the exhaust gas before and after heat supply to DES2. unit with heat). If WGHEX1 becomes less effective (increase of ∆T min ) T 21 will increase but so will T 20 due to the air preheating in GGHEX4 (which means less heat transmission in GGHEX3) 12 . Gas-Gas Heat exchangers The GGHEX 1,2, and 3 have not been investigated, since their ∆T min is not given explicitly. GGHEX 1 and 2 have the same (unspecified) effectiveness. GGHEX3 is fed with the temperatures at point 13,14, and 19, so ∆T min can not be specified. So only GGHEX4 will be examined here. GGHEX4 reuses some of the exhaust gas heat after the absorption unit to preheat the fuel cell inlet air, which means that GGHEX3 can leave more of the exhaust gas energy for the absorption unit. So as expected COP ABS,f uel will increase then GGHEX4 becomes more effective, whereas 12 WGHEX2 is not used in the standard configuration, end WGHEX3 will be examined in section 5.3.6 page 140 138
5.3. Partial optimization of standard parameters Figure 5.24: The influence of the Closest Approach Temperature for the Air Pre heater (GGHEX4) on the COP (STD value is 25 ◦ C). The electrical efficiency remains virtually constant. the hot water generation will fall, since there is less energy in the exhaust gas at point 23. It appears that GGHEX4 is one of the most important heat exchangers (when it comes to COP variation). When its ∆T min is decreased 50% (from 25 ◦ C to 12,5 ◦ C), COP ABS,f uel increases from 45,6% to 48,9%. The second most important heat exchanger (the evaporator) only increases the COP ABS,f uel from 45,6% to 46,5% when its ∆T min is decreased 50% (from 5 ◦ C to 2,5 ◦ C). So cutting ∆T min in halves will give 3,6 percent points for GGHEX4 and only 0,9 percent point for the evaporator. And if GGHEX4 is made more efficient, GGHEX3 can be made less efficient, since T 14 must remain constant. 139
Page 1:
INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
Page 5:
Abstract It is investigated whether
Page 9:
Preface This report is documentatio
Page 12 and 13:
CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 14 and 15:
CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
Page 16 and 17:
CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
Page 18 and 19:
LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
Page 21 and 22:
NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
Page 23 and 24:
Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
Page 25:
Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
Page 28 and 29:
1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
Page 30 and 31:
1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
Page 32 and 33:
1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
Page 34 and 35:
1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
Page 36 and 37:
1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
Page 38 and 39:
1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
Page 40 and 41:
1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
Page 42 and 43:
1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
Page 44 and 45:
1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
Page 46 and 47:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
Page 48 and 49:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
Page 50 and 51:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
Page 52 and 53:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
Page 54 and 55:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
Page 56 and 57:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
Page 58 and 59:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
Page 60 and 61:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
Page 62 and 63:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
Page 64 and 65:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
Page 67 and 68:
C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
Page 69 and 70:
3.1. Introduction The seven stream
Page 71 and 72:
3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
Page 73 and 74:
3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
Page 75 and 76:
3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
Page 77 and 78:
3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
Page 79 and 80:
3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
Page 81 and 82:
3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
Page 83 and 84:
3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
Page 85 and 86:
3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
Page 87 and 88:
3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
Page 89 and 90:
3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
Page 91 and 92:
3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
Page 99 and 100:
3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
Page 101 and 102:
3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
Page 103:
3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
Page 106 and 107:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
Page 108 and 109:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
Page 110 and 111:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
Page 112 and 113:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
Page 114 and 115: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
Page 116 and 117: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
Page 118 and 119: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
Page 120 and 121: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
Page 122 and 123: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
Page 124 and 125: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
Page 126 and 127: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
Page 128 and 129: 4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
Page 131 and 132: C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
Page 133 and 134: 5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
Page 135 and 136: 5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
Page 137 and 138: 5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
Page 139 and 140: 5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
Page 141 and 142: 5.2. System configurations Red repr
Page 143 and 144: 5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
Page 145 and 146: 5.2. System configurations in a hot
Page 147 and 148: 5.3. Partial optimization of standa
Page 155 and 156: Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
Page 163: 5.3. Partial optimization of standa
Page 169 and 170: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
Page 171 and 172: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
Page 173 and 174: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
Page 175 and 176: 5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
Page 177 and 178: 5.5. Total optimization of system i
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. Total optimization of system e
Page 181 and 182: C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
Page 183 and 184: 6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
Page 185 and 186: 6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
Page 187 and 188: 6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
Page 189 and 190: 6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
Page 191 and 192: C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
Page 193 and 194: 7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
Page 195 and 196: 7.2. Economical considerations Furt
Page 197 and 198: 7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
Page 199 and 200: 7.2. Economical considerations to 6
Page 201 and 202: 7.2. Economical considerations As m
Page 203 and 204: C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
Page 205 and 206: For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
Page 207 and 208: C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
Page 209 and 210: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
Page 213: Appendices 187
Page 216 and 217:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
Page 218 and 219:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
Page 220 and 221:
Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
Page 222 and 223:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
Page 224 and 225:
Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
Page 226 and 227:
Sensitivity analysis The effect on
Page 228 and 229:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
Page 230 and 231:
From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
Page 232 and 233:
Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
Page 234 and 235:
SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 236 and 237:
16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239:
SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 240 and 241:
Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
Page 242 and 243:
Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
Page 244 and 245:
Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
Page 246 and 247:
Prices of absorption cooling units
Page 248 and 249:
1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
Page 250 and 251:
A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
Page 252 and 253:
Retail electricity prices Exchange
Page 254 and 255:
B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
Page 256 and 257:
B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
Page 258 and 259:
B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
Page 260 and 261:
C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
Page 262 and 263:
C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
Page 264 and 265:
C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
Page 266 and 267:
C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
Page 268 and 269:
C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
Page 270 and 271:
C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
Page 272 and 273:
C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
Page 274 and 275:
C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 276 and 277:
C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
Page 278 and 279:
C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
Page 280 and 281:
C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
Page 282 and 283:
C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 284 and 285:
C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
Page 286 and 287:
C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
Page 288 and 289:
C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
Page 290 and 291:
C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
Page 292 and 293:
C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
Page 294 and 295:
C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
Page 297 and 298:
A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
Page 299 and 300:
D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
Page 301 and 302:
A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
Page 303 and 304:
E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
Page 305 and 306:
E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
Page 307 and 308:
E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
Page 309:
E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
Page 312 and 313:
SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
Page 322:
1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
show all

integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?