integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.2.4 Exhaust gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.3 Absorption Single Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.3.1 Refrigerant cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.3.2 Solution cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.3.3 Pumping factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.4 Absorption Double Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.5 Absorption Double Stage, Dual Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.6 Cooling Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.6.1 Wet Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.6.2 Dry Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.6.3 Hot Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.7 System calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.7.1 Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4.8 Verification of Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.8.1 Energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.8.2 Check of heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.9 Validation of Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.9.1 SOFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.9.2 Absorption cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5 Simulation and Results 105 5.1 Basic absorption cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.1.1 Changing the desorber temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.1.2 Changing condenser temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.1.4 Changing absorber temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.1.5 Summing up the general behavior of the absorption cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.2 System configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.2.1 Single, Double, Dual Heat (+/- Air Preheat) . . . . . . 115 5.2.2 Wet vs Dry cooling and ambient temperature . . . . . 117 5.2.3 ∆T min,Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.3 Partial optimization of standard parameters . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.3.1 Outer conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.3.2 Desorber temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.3.3 SOFC subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.3.4 Closest Approach Temperature Differences (∆T min ) . 135 5.3.5 ∆T for external circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.3.6 Hot Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.4 Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 xiv
Contents 5.4.1 Closest Approach Temperature Difference . . . . . . . 142 5.4.2 Pressure Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 5.4.3 Heat Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 5.4.4 (Other) Key Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5.5 Total optimization of system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.5.1 Absorption subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.5.2 Current density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.5.3 Future: ∆T SOFC = 120 ◦ C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6 Cases and Economics 155 6.1 Air conditioning of hotels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.2 High humidity climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.2.1 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.2.2 Bangkok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.3 Low humidity climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.3.1 Las Vegas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.3.2 Water consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.4 Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7 Discussion 165 7.1 The thermodynamical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2 Economical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.2.1 Auxillary Power Unit (APU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.2.2 Micro Combined Heat and Power (µCHP) . . . . . . . 169 7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3 Other considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8 Conclusion 177 9 Further work 181 Bibliography 183 Appendices 187 A Market investigation 189 A.1 Market Investigation Appendix - Introduction . . . . . . . . . 190 A.2 APU appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A.2.1 Ship APU appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A.3 CHP appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 A.3.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 xv
Page 1: INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
Page 5: Abstract It is investigated whether
Page 9: Preface This report is documentatio
Page 12 and 13: CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 16 and 17: CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
Page 21 and 22: NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
Page 23 and 24: Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
Page 25: Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
Page 28 and 29: 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
Page 30 and 31: 1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
Page 32 and 33: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
Page 34 and 35: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
Page 36 and 37: 1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
Page 38 and 39: 1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
Page 40 and 41: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
Page 42 and 43: 1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
Page 44 and 45: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
Page 46 and 47: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
Page 48 and 49: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
Page 50 and 51: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
Page 52 and 53: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
Page 54 and 55: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
Page 56 and 57: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
Page 58 and 59: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
Page 60 and 61: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
Page 62 and 63: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
Page 64 and 65:
2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
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C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
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3.1. Introduction The seven stream
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
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3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
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3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
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3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
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3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
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3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
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3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
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3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
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Page 95 and 96:
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3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
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3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
Page 126 and 127:
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
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5.2. System configurations in a hot
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5.3. Partial optimization of standa
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Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
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Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
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5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
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5.5. Total optimization of system i
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5.5. Total optimization of system e
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C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
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6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
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6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
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6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
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6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
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C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
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7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
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7.2. Economical considerations Furt
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7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
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7.2. Economical considerations to 6
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7.2. Economical considerations As m
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C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
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For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
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C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
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Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
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Appendices 187
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
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Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
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Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
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Sensitivity analysis The effect on
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
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From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
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Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239:
SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
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Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
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Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
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Prices of absorption cooling units
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1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
Page 252 and 253:
Retail electricity prices Exchange
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
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C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
Page 264 and 265:
C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
Page 266 and 267:
C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
Page 268 and 269:
C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
Page 270 and 271:
C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
Page 272 and 273:
C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
Page 274 and 275:
C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 276 and 277:
C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
Page 278 and 279:
C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
Page 290 and 291:
C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
Page 294 and 295:
C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
Page 301 and 302:
A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
Page 322:
1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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