integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH price 1.800DKK/kW 9 • ABS electricity consumption neglected • Discount factor 5% 2.4.1 Three solutions In order to examine which part of a profitability that arrives from the SOFC in itself and which part that arrives from adding the absorption chiller, three configurations are now considered and compared: (A) Grid + ECH. All electricity is bought from the grid, and the air conditioning is purely electrical (ECH). Hot water and space heating is done with natural gas (efficiency 1,0). So this is the normal configuration of a hotel. (B) SOFC + HotWater + ECH. A SOFC is installed and the waste heat is used to heat up all the hot water for the hotel, but the air conditioning is still made by an electrical unit. The size of the SOFC is made so the net production of electricity equals the total electricity demand of the hotel including the electrical air condition when the SOFC runs at full load 24/7. This means importing electricity from the grid during peak load hours, while electricity will be sold to the grid during hours with less electricity consumption in the hotel. It is assumed that the buying and selling price for the electricity is the same 10 . Space heating is done by natural gas. (C) SOFC + HotWater + ABS + ECH. A SOFC is installed and the waste heat is used to heat up all the hot water as well as running an absorption air conditioner. Due to heat exchanger efficiency it is assumed that only 80% of the waste heat can be extracted from the exhaust gas. The water heating is done entirely with waste heat, and the rest of the waste heat energy is used int the absorption cooling 11 . 9 Derived from the market investigation in appendix A.5 page 221 10 This is a somewhat crude assumption, even though the net export of electricity is zero but again these calculations are only approximations, meant to show the overall trends. 11 in praxis the absorption cooling unit will of course be the physically first unit to use some of the waste heat, since it needs higher temperatures than the hot water heating. But the ABS is allowed no more waste energy than what will leave enough waste heat for the water heating. 30
2.4. Distributed Generation (DG) In the hot climate, the absorption unit is set to run all year, whereas it only runs during the summer in the normal climate (50% of the time). Since there is not enough waste heat to cover all of the air conditioning demand, an electrical air conditioner must be used to supply the rest of the cooling service. Space heating is in all cases done by natural gas. 2.4.2 Hot vs Normal climate The climate must be expected to have a big effect on the advantage of absorption chillers, since a hot climate will facilitate a bigger cooling demand. Hence the following two climate-cases are considered: Normal climate Electricity consumption and hot water need is assumed evenly distributed throughout the year (the consumption of electricity, air conditioning, domestic water heating and space heating taken from [13] 12 ). The entire cooling energy demand is assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the 6 month of the summer. The air conditioning units (ABS and electrical) are designed and sized for summer use, and in winter time they just shut down completely. The space heating will also correspond to the average demand of the USA and is provided by natural gas. Hot climate In the hot climate, a cooling demand is assumed to be present all year, and hence the needed cooling energy per year is assumed to be double that of the normal climate cooling need. But the space heating is assumed to fall to zero since it is hot all year. The electricity and hot water consumption will be exactly the same as in the normal climate (showering etc. is still needed in hot climates). 12 The normal climate is assumed to be close the average of the three climates investigated in [13], which is: Anaheim (Mild climate), Las Vegas (Hot climate), and Minneapolis (Cold climate) 31
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INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
Page 5: Abstract It is investigated whether
Page 9: Preface This report is documentatio
Page 12 and 13: CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 14 and 15: CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
Page 16 and 17: CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
Page 21 and 22: NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
Page 23 and 24: Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
Page 25: Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
Page 28 and 29: 1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
Page 30 and 31: 1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
Page 32 and 33: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
Page 34 and 35: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
Page 36 and 37: 1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
Page 38 and 39: 1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
Page 40 and 41: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
Page 42 and 43: 1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
Page 44 and 45: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
Page 46 and 47: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
Page 48 and 49: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
Page 50 and 51: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
Page 52 and 53: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
Page 54 and 55: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
Page 58 and 59: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
Page 60 and 61: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
Page 62 and 63: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
Page 64 and 65: 2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
Page 67 and 68: C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
Page 69 and 70: 3.1. Introduction The seven stream
Page 71 and 72: 3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
Page 73 and 74: 3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
Page 75 and 76: 3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
Page 77 and 78: 3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
Page 79 and 80: 3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
Page 81 and 82: 3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
Page 83 and 84: 3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
Page 85 and 86: 3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
Page 87 and 88: 3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
Page 89 and 90: 3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
Page 91 and 92: 3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
Page 97 and 98: 3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
Page 99 and 100: 3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
Page 101 and 102: 3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
Page 103: 3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
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5.2. System configurations in a hot
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5.3. Partial optimization of standa
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Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
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5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
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5.5. Total optimization of system i
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5.5. Total optimization of system e
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C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
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6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
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6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
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6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
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6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
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C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
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7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
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7.2. Economical considerations Furt
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7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
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7.2. Economical considerations to 6
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7.2. Economical considerations As m
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C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
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For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
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C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
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Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
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Appendices 187
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
Page 220 and 221:
Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
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Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
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Sensitivity analysis The effect on
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
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From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
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Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
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SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
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16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239:
SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 240 and 241:
Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
Page 242 and 243:
Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
Page 244 and 245:
Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
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Prices of absorption cooling units
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1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
Page 252 and 253:
Retail electricity prices Exchange
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
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C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
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C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
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C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
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C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
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C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
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C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
Page 278 and 279:
C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
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C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
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C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
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A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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Page 320 and 321:
8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
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1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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