integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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BIBLIOGRAPHY [12] Energinet.dk: http://www.energinet.dk/NR/rdonlyres/ F53D95F7-36FF-477A-AD71-35C64DEDAFA4/0/ Analyseforuds%C3%A6tninger20072016.pdf, (June 15, 2010). [13] Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.: CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sectors , (December 2005). www.eea-inc.com. [14] Engineering toolbox: http://www.engineeringtoolbox. com/cooling-tower-efficiency-d_699.html, (maj 2, 2010). [15] Flickr: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3244/ 2447599956_201047feeb.jpg (June 18, 2010) [16] Fontell, E. et al.: Conceptual study of a 250kW planar SOFC system for CHP application www.dgs.de/uploads/media/MICROCHEAP_ literature_CRES.doc (feb 19, 2010) [17] Gas prices: http://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/ ng_pri_sum_dcu_SCA_a.htm http://www.ens.dk/ da-DK/Info/TalOgKort/Statistik_og_noegletal/ Maanedsstatistik/Documents/Energistatistik% 202008.pdf (February 18, 2010) [18] Grandryd, Eric et al.: Refrigeration Engineering, (2005). [19] Burer, M.: Multi-criteria optimizaion of a dristrict cogeneration plant integrating a solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine combined cyle, heat pumps and chillers. Energy 28, page 497-518, (2002). [20] Grossmann, Gershon: ABSIM - modular simulation of advanced absorption systems. International Journal of Refrigeration 24, page 531-543, (2001). [21] Grossmann, Gershon: Advanced modular simulation of absorption systems. International Journal of Refrigeration 17, page 231-244, (1994). [22] Jax autohaus.com : http://jaxautohaus.com/apu1.htm (June 15, 2010). [23] Larminine, James et al.: Fuel Cell Systems Explpained. Wiley, (2003). 184
Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: http://www.google.dk/imgresimgurl= http://www.nordeainvest.dk/sitemod/upload/ Root/www_nordeainvest_dk/Grafer/Brentoil. jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nordeainvest.dk/ Nyheder/Nyheder%2B2009/Ugens%2BPerspektiv% 2B2009/20082009%2BOptimisme%2Bp%25C3%25A5%2Br% 25C3%25A5varemarkederne/1142802.html&usg=__ 1vQEq1C1rbLKso8m2OD8SRX1lms=&h=459&w=699&sz= 82&hl=da&start=7&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=73TJWdJD-_ 0OkM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dh%25C3% 25B8jeste%2Boliepris%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dda%26sa%3DN% 26tbs%3Disch:1 (June 15, 2010). [25] Petersen, Thomas Frank: Verbal referance, (2010). [26] Delano,Andrew Design Analysis of the Einstein Refrigeration Cycle. Georgia Institute of Technology. http://www.me.gatech.edu/ energy/andy_phd/IMG00020.GIF (June 22, 2010) [27] Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.: Mulige anvendelser af absorptionskøling, (2010). Included in appendix F.1 page 285. [28] Scribd: http://www.scribd.com/doc/16648848/ Fans-BlowersCalculation-of-Power, (may 2, 2010). [29] Southern California Gas Company: Absorption Chillers - Guideline. New Buildings Institute. Advanced Design Guideline Series, (1998). [30] Topsoe Fuel Cell - APU: http://www.topsoefuelcell.com/ business_areas/apu.aspx, (June 16, 2010). [31] Topsoe Fuel Cell - DG: http://www.topsoefuelcell.com/ business_areas/dg.aspx, (June 16, 2010). [32] Topsoe Fuel Cell - Mirco CHP: http://www.topsoefuelcell. com/business_areas/micro_chp.aspx, (June 16, 2010). [33] U.S. Department of Energy: Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition), (November 2004). [34] Weber, Céline: Optimization of an SOFC-based decentralized polygeneration system for providing energy services in an office-building in Tokyo. Applied Thermal Engineering 26, page 1409-1419, (2006). 185
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INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
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Abstract It is investigated whether
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Preface This report is documentatio
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
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CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
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NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
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Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
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Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
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1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
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1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
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1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
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1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
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1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
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C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
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3.1. Introduction The seven stream
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
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3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
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3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
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3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
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3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
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3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
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3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
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3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
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3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
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3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
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5.2. System configurations in a hot
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5.3. Partial optimization of standa
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Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
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Page 159 and 160: 5.3. Partial optimization of standa
Page 169 and 170: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
Page 171 and 172: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
Page 173 and 174: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
Page 175 and 176: 5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
Page 177 and 178: 5.5. Total optimization of system i
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. Total optimization of system e
Page 181 and 182: C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
Page 183 and 184: 6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
Page 185 and 186: 6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
Page 187 and 188: 6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
Page 189 and 190: 6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
Page 191 and 192: C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
Page 193 and 194: 7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
Page 195 and 196: 7.2. Economical considerations Furt
Page 197 and 198: 7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
Page 199 and 200: 7.2. Economical considerations to 6
Page 201 and 202: 7.2. Economical considerations As m
Page 203 and 204: C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
Page 205 and 206: For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
Page 207 and 208: C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
Page 209: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
Page 213: Appendices 187
Page 216 and 217: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
Page 218 and 219: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
Page 220 and 221: Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
Page 222 and 223: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
Page 224 and 225: Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
Page 226 and 227: Sensitivity analysis The effect on
Page 228 and 229: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
Page 230 and 231: From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
Page 232 and 233: Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
Page 234 and 235: SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 236 and 237: 16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239: SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 240 and 241: Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
Page 242 and 243: Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
Page 244 and 245: Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
Page 246 and 247: Prices of absorption cooling units
Page 248 and 249: 1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
Page 250 and 251: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
Page 252 and 253: Retail electricity prices Exchange
Page 254 and 255: B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
Page 256 and 257: B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
Page 258 and 259: B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
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C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
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C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
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C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
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C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
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C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
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C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
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C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
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C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
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C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
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A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
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1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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