integration of solid oxide fuel cells and ... - Ea Energianalyse

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From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casino market Sectors" report In this entire case the energy consumption is reported as kW, which is meant to be "average kW during a yearly cycle". It could just as well have reported in "kWh/year" but the "average kW" has been chosen in order to give the reader a better feeling of how big the power consumptions are relative to a SOFC or ABS unit of a given kW size. Hotel example 1kWh equals 3412 Btu (Indfyrede effekter) Unit/Place Average Anaheim Las Vegas Minneapolis Climate Mild Hot Cold Rooms 230 230 230 Square meters m2 18.115 18.115 18.115 Anual El. use MWh 3.131 3.548 2.960 Anual gas use Milion Btu 7.836 8.780 19.660 Anual gas use MWh 2.297 2.573 5.762 El Peak kW 745 840 832 El avg kW 367 357 405 338 El min kW 250 260 240 Gas av kW 405 262 294 658 Gas + El total, avg 771 619 699 996 Total Lodging industry AC, el ind 10^9 Btu/y 55 Space Heating 10^9 Btu/y 118 Water Heating 10^9 Btu/y 63 Lignting 10^9 Btu/y 45 Other 10^9 Btu/y 40 Cooking 10^9 Btu/y 19 Office Eqipment 10^9 Btu/y 15 Ventilation 10^9 Btu/y 15 Refrigiation 10^9 Btu/y 14 Electricity total 10^9 Btu/y 203 AC fraction - 0,27 Other el fraction - 0,73 Gas total 10^9 Btu/y 181 Space heat frac - 0,65 Water heat frac - 0,35
Total lodging pr Hotel (calculated) Space heating (1=yes, 0=no) 0 1 0 1 0 1 Aircondition (1=normal, 2=all year) 2 1 2 1 2 1 AC running time (fraction of year) 1 0,5 1 0,5 1 0,5 ECH ECH FC+HotW FC+HotW FC+AC+HotW FC+AC+HotW Hot climate Normal clim. Hot climate Normal clim. Hot climate Normal clim. Waste heat driven: average - - HotW HotW AC+HotW AC+HotW AC, electricity kW 199 99 199 99 199 99 Other electricity kW 267 267 267 267 267 267 Space Heating kW 0 264 0 264 0 264 Water Heating kW 141 141 141 141 141 141 Total kW 607 771 607 771 607 771 EL use (excl cool) kWe 267 267 267 267 267 267 COP (prev) Electrial Chiller 4 4 4 4 4 4 Cooling use (Q_c) kWt 795 397 795 397 795 397 Heat use (Q_h) kWt - - 141 141 141 141 Fractions EL = 1 1 1 1 1 Cooling 2,97 1,49 2,97 1,49 Heating 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 Heat exchanger eff 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 SOFC eff (LHV) 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 COP_ABS 1,3 1,3 Cooling from ABS(yearly average) 268 104 ABS size summer production 268 208 Cooling from ECH (yearly average) 795 397 795 397 526 293 ECH size summer production 795 795 795 795 526 587 Power consumption ECH 199 99 199 99 132 73 Total electricity need 466 367 466 367 399 341 El import from net 466 367 0 0 0 0 SOFC size = av el power 466 367 399 341 Gas for SOFC and space heating 141 405 932 997 798 945 Gas for SOFC only 798 681
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INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
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Abstract It is investigated whether
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Preface This report is documentatio
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
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CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
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NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
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Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
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Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
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1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
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1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
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1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
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1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
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1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
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C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
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3.1. Introduction The seven stream
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
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3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
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3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
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3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
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3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
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3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
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3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
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3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
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3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
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3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
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5.2. System configurations in a hot
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5.3. Partial optimization of standa
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Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
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5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
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5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
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5.5. Total optimization of system i
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. Total optimization of system e
Page 181 and 182: C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
Page 183 and 184: 6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
Page 185 and 186: 6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
Page 187 and 188: 6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
Page 189 and 190: 6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
Page 191 and 192: C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
Page 193 and 194: 7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
Page 195 and 196: 7.2. Economical considerations Furt
Page 197 and 198: 7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) D
Page 199 and 200: 7.2. Economical considerations to 6
Page 201 and 202: 7.2. Economical considerations As m
Page 203 and 204: C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
Page 205 and 206: For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
Page 207 and 208: C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
Page 209 and 210: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
Page 213: Appendices 187
Page 216 and 217: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
Page 218 and 219: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
Page 220 and 221: Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
Page 222 and 223: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
Page 224 and 225: Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
Page 226 and 227: Sensitivity analysis The effect on
Page 228 and 229: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
Page 232 and 233: Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
Page 234 and 235: SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 236 and 237: 16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239: SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 240 and 241: Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
Page 242 and 243: Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
Page 244 and 245: Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
Page 246 and 247: Prices of absorption cooling units
Page 248 and 249: 1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
Page 250 and 251: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
Page 252 and 253: Retail electricity prices Exchange
Page 254 and 255: B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
Page 256 and 257: B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
Page 258 and 259: B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
Page 260 and 261: C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
Page 262 and 263: C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
Page 264 and 265: C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
Page 266 and 267: C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
Page 268 and 269: C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
Page 270 and 271: C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
Page 272 and 273: C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
Page 274 and 275: C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
Page 276 and 277: C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
Page 278 and 279: C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
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C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
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C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
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A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
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1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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