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7. DISCUSSION giving 5kW of Cooling for 12,5kW of driving heat. Even if a small ABS unit cold be made with a COP of 1,5 as in the model, the approximately 1kW of waste heat (assuming 1kW SOFC electricity production) would only generate 1,5kW of cooling. And this is only around 1/3 of the estimated cooling need for a normal house in a hot climate. So for private homes the SOFC-ABS solution doesn’t seem realistic unless the SOFC is over dimensioned in order to sell the surplus electricity generation to the electricity grid or used for other purposes like an electric car. µCHP - Refrigerators Using the waste heat of the SOFC for driving a refrigerator was another option. But it turned out that heat driven refrigerators cost around 11.000DKK while a normal class A++ electrical refrigerator costs 4.000DKK. And since the electricity consumption of the latter is only around 200kWh/year, the electricity savings only amounted to around 400DKK/year, so with a discount factor of 5%, the pay back time will be around 50 years 6 . This even assumes that the electricity for the electrical refrigerator is bought from the electrical grid (2DKK/kWh), but if a SOFC unit is purchased anyway, the cost of the electricity would be even cheaper meaning an even longer pay back time for the absorption cooling refrigerator. Of course much of the price difference between the ABS refrigerator and the electrical refrigerator is due to the ABS unit being produced in much smaller numbers. So if ABS refrigerators became more common the price might approach that of electrical units. But on the other hand installation and piping costs for the ABS unit have not been included in the calculations and this will pull in the opposite direction. All in all there seems to be no potential for combining a SOFC with ABS refrigerators in private homes. 6 With a discount factor of 0% the pay back time will be 18years ((11.000- 4.000)DKK/y/400DKKDKK/y), but with a discount factor of 5% the savings in the last years become very small when discounted. 170
7.2.3 Distributed Generation (DG) DG - Hotel 7.2. Economical considerations A favorable DG application is a hotel in a warm or hot climate, where electricity and air conditioning as well as domestic hot water production is needed. Other applications might fit the supply of electricity and cooling even better e.g. manufacturing. However, the demand for electricity and cooling for manufacturing applications is much harder to estimate in general since they are much more diversified. The economical calculations showed that for a hotel with 230 rooms in a hot climate, with a SOFC-system price of 2.700DKK/kW and a ABS price of 3.700DKK/kW, the total expense of gas, electricity, air conditioning units and SOFC in the assumed component lifetime of 10 years would be approximately: • 27mio DKK for grid electricity supply + electrical air conditioning • 15mio DKK for SOFC electricity + electrical air conditioning • 14mil DKK for SOFC electricity + ABS air conditioning SOFC So by far the biggest savings (12mio DKK) would come from the SOFC itself with pay back time would be around 1 year. This does however depend very much on the gas price and electricity price of 0,20DKK/kWh and 0,75DKK/kWh respectively. If, for instance, the gas price was increased to 0,38DKK/kWh, the SOFC would never be profitable (with an electrical efficiency of 0,5), since it would be cheaper to import the electricity. The price of the SOFC is also important although not as much as one might expect. If the SOFC price is 12.000 DKK/kW instead of the assumed 2.700DKK/kW, the pay back time will increase from 1 year to 3 years (figure 2.5 page 34). The investment would still look profitable, but if the gas or electricity at the same price changed a little, the pay back time might approach the life time of the system. And it should be remembered that the SOFC price is very uncertain, since the technology today is at a state where there is no real large scale production, and the reliability/stamination of the cell is not satisfactory either. 171
Page 1:
INTEGRATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CEL
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Abstract It is investigated whether
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Preface This report is documentatio
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CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS 4.2.3 SOFC stack . . . . .
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CONTENTS A.4 DG appendix . . . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 4.3 Diagram of sing
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NOMENCLATURE Acronyms Acronym ABS A
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Greek (and other) Symbols Greek (an
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Subscripts Subscripts Subscript 2P
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1. INTRODUCTION Chapter 4, System d
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1. INTRODUCTION the electricity and
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.4 SOFC The fuel c
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5 Heat driven coo
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1. INTRODUCTION Cycle description.
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1. INTRODUCTION Ammonia-water The C
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.5.3 Platen Munter
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1. INTRODUCTION Open loop In an ope
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.7 Problem stateme
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION appendix A.
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.2.2 Ship
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Pay Back Ti
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.3.2 Micro
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Sensitivity
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION • ECH pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.3 Resul
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 16000 14000
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION Annuity pri
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2. MARKET INVESTIGATION 2.4.4 Concl
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C H A P T E R 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTI
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3.1. Introduction The seven stream
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO 3.2 Absorber -
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3.2. Absorber - ABSO implicitly thr
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3.4. Burner - BURN 3.4 Burner - BUR
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3.5. Condenser - COND T [° C ] ΔT
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3.6. Desorber - DES 3.6 Desorber -
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3.7. Evaporator - EVAP 3.7 Evaporat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX 3.8 Heat
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3.8. Heat Exchanger - HEX The press
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3.10. Pre Reformer - PR 3.10 Pre Re
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3.11. Pump - PUMP 3.11 Pump - PUMP
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3.12. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell - SOFC
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Page 95 and 96:
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3.14 Cooling Tower - TOWER 3.14. Co
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER tower d
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3.14. Cooling Tower - TOWER The air
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3.15. Expansion valve - VA/VB possi
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 8 SPG 10 20 1
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Pre reformer
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION which increas
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.3.3 Pumping
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The temperatu
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.5 Absorptio
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.6 Cooling T
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION (below 100
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION as: Ẇ AC =
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4.8 Verificat
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4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SOFC net effi
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C H A P T E R 5 SIMULATION AND RESU
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling Figur
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling geous
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5.1.3 Changing evaporator temperatu
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5.1. Basic absorption cooling as de
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5.2. System configurations Red repr
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5.2. System configurations Dual Hea
Page 145 and 146: 5.2. System configurations in a hot
Page 147 and 148: 5.3. Partial optimization of standa
Page 155 and 156: Anode recycling (α SPG1 ) 5.3. Par
Page 169 and 170: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis ηsys,el,
Page 171 and 172: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis the press
Page 173 and 174: 5.4. Sensitivity Analysis 1. The x-
Page 175 and 176: 5.5 Total optimization of system 5.
Page 177 and 178: 5.5. Total optimization of system i
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. Total optimization of system e
Page 181 and 182: C H A P T E R 6 CASES AND ECONOMICS
Page 183 and 184: 6.2. High humidity climate BBC Home
Page 185 and 186: 6.2. High humidity climate Figure 6
Page 187 and 188: 6.3. Low humidity climate Figure 6.
Page 189 and 190: 6.4. Economics 6.4 Economics When t
Page 191 and 192: C H A P T E R 7 DISCUSSION In this
Page 193 and 194: 7.1.1 Accuracy and sensitivity 7.1.
Page 195: 7.2. Economical considerations Furt
Page 199 and 200: 7.2. Economical considerations to 6
Page 201 and 202: 7.2. Economical considerations As m
Page 203 and 204: C H A P T E R 8 CONCLUSION System c
Page 205 and 206: For the APU segment a SOFC-ABS syst
Page 207 and 208: C H A P T E R 9 FURTHER WORK Some i
Page 209 and 210: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Acfshop.dk: http:/
Page 211 and 212: Bibliography [24] Nordea invest: ht
Page 213: Appendices 187
Page 216 and 217: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.1 Market
Page 218 and 219: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION No cost for
Page 220 and 221: Absorpton unit (free waste heat) Pr
Page 222 and 223: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.3 CHP app
Page 224 and 225: Absorption Refrigerator RGE 400 fro
Page 226 and 227: Sensitivity analysis The effect on
Page 228 and 229: A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.4 DG appe
Page 230 and 231: From the "CHP in the Hotel and Casi
Page 232 and 233: Hotel with 230 rooms and 18000 m^2
Page 234 and 235: SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 236 and 237: 16000 Pay Back Time: Entire System
Page 238 and 239: SOFC + Water Heating (no ABS), Cool
Page 240 and 241: Hot climate SOFC + ABS + HW vs pure
Page 242 and 243: Assumptions SOFC price = 2650kr/kW
Page 244 and 245: Hot climate Increase (Delta NPV_10)
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Prices of absorption cooling units
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1'000'000 900'000 800'000 143'600 7
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A. MARKET INVESTIGATION A.6 Gas and
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Retail electricity prices Exchange
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.1 GAX diagr
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.3 Closed ad
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B. DIAGRAMS AND PLOTS B.4.2 p-T dia
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C. EES Efficiencies SOFC η inver t
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C. EES ∆ p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 [kPa
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C. EES ˙Q loss;Bur n = 0 [kW ] ˙Q
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C. EES SOFC ∆ T ;SOFC ;av = 30 [C
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C. EES C.2 Results - Standard param
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C. EES 244 DES2 h;o = 42 DES2 i = 7
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C. EES SOFC ano;i = 5 SOFC ano;o =
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.3 Results - Optimized para
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C. EES ∆ T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 1
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C. EES ˙Q tr ans;W GHE X 3 = 2,752
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C. EES Point T i p i ṁ i qu i h i
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C. EES C.4 Results - Uncertainty pr
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C. EES ∆T ;min;W GHE X 3;w;i = 15
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C. EES ∆p;TOW ER1;air ;dr y = 0,1
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C. EES ∆p;GGHE X 1;c = −1 ±
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C. EES C.4.4 ∆p for absorption su
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C. EES C.4.5 ˙Qloss for absorption
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A P P E N D I X D OTHER D.1 Explana
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D.3. Water consumption Hence it is
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A P P E N D I X E OPTIMIZATION GRAP
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E.1. Simulations and Results E.1.2
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.1. Simulations and Results Figure
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E.2. Cases E.2 Cases E.2.1 Extreme
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SEG Scandinavian Energy Group Aps.
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8 SPG 1 10 1-α GGHEX1 9 α 7 GGHEX
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1 8 GGHEX1 CH4, in Air, in 21 2 11
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