69249454-chandler-semiotics

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7222 3 ANALYSING STRUCTURES Semiotics is probably best known as an approach to textual analysis, and in this form it is characterized by a concern with structural analysis. Structuralist analysis focuses on the structural relations which are functional in the signifying system at a particular moment in history. It involves identifying the constituent units in a semiotic system (such as a text or socio-cultural practice), the structural relationships between them (oppositions, correlations and logical relations) and the relation of the parts to the whole. This is not an empty exercise since ‘relations are important for what they can explain: meaningful contrasts and permitted or forbidden combinations’ (Culler 1975, 14). HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL AXES Saussure emphasized that meaning arises from the differences between signifiers; these differences are of two kinds: syntagmatic (concerning positioning) and paradigmatic (concerning substitution). Saussure called the latter associative relations (Saussure 1916/1983,
84 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS the girl man sang died cried paradigmatic axis syntagmatic axis FIGURE 3.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes 121), but Roman Jakobson’s term is now used. The distinction is a key one in structuralist semiotic analysis in which these two structural ‘axes’ (horizontal as syntagmatic and vertical as paradigmatic) are seen as applicable to all sign systems (see Figure 3.1). The plane of the syntagm is that of the combination of ‘this-and-this-and-this’ (as in the sentence, ‘the man cried’) while the plane of the paradigm is that of the selection of ‘this-or-this-or-this’ (e.g. the replacement of the last word in the same sentence with ‘died’ or ‘sang’). While syntagmatic relations are possibilities of combination, paradigmatic relations are functional contrasts – they involve differentiation. Temporally, syntagmatic relations refer intratextually to other signifiers co-present within the text, while paradigmatic relations refer intertextually to signifiers which are absent from the text (ibid., 122). The ‘value’ of a sign is determined by both its paradigmatic and its syntagmatic relations. Syntagms and paradigms provide a structural context within which signs make sense; they are the structural forms through which signs are organized into codes. Paradigmatic relationships can operate on the level of the signifier and on the level of the signified (ibid., 121–4; Silverman 1983, 10; Harris 1987, 124). A paradigm is a set of associated signifiers or signifieds which are all members of some defining category, but in
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viii CONTENTS Iconic mode 40 Indexi
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PREFACE xv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10
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INTRODUCTION 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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14 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS THE SAUSSU
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16 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS (ibid., 10
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18 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS erase it i
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20 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS signified
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22 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS as positiv
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24 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS and betwee
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26 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS referred t
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28 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS the point
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30 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS a central
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134 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS us to tre
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136 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Nissan Mi
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138 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS provide.
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140 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS signifier
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142 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS because o
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144 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS of innoce
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CODES 149 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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176 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS FIGURE 6.
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178 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS ‘the 14
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180 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS print mor
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182 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS to him. I
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184 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Type Orie
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186 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS inevitabl
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188 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS translate
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190 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS a ‘crim
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192 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS chapter
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194 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Textual c
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196 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS structure
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198 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Intertext
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200 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Course (S
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202 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS key inter
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204 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS that what
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206 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Lévi-Str
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208 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS its inter
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PROSPECT AND RETROSPECT 213 1 2 3 4
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228 APPENDIX Brøndal, Viggo See Co
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230 APPENDIX Jakobson, Roman (1896-
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232 APPENDIX (1893-1971). Together
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234 APPENDIX Saussure, Lévi-Straus
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236 GOING FURTHER The main works of
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238 GOING FURTHER LANGUAGE, WRITING
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240 GOING FURTHER Thibault 1997, Do
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GLOSSARY 245 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 1
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 267 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222
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INDEX 295 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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INDEX 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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INDEX 307 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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