69249454-chandler-semiotics

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and socio-cultural contexts – the episteme of the age which
determines what can be known.
Gombrich, Ernst* (1909–2001) Viennese-born art historian who
emigrated to Britain. Intrigued by the psychology of pictorial
representation, he initially rejected the idea of a natural likeness
and emphasized the role of codes and conventions in art.
However, he later criticized the theoretical stance of ‘extreme
conventionalism’ (e.g. Goodman).
Goodman, Nelson* (1906–98) An explicitly nominalist American
philosopher who rejected the principle of similarity in pictorial
representation and argued that ‘[pictorial] realism is
relative’.
Greimas, Algirdas (1917–92) Lithuanian-born semiotician who (in
the early 1960s) established the Paris school of semiotics to
which Barthes initially belonged. This school, influenced by
Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) and Maurice Merleau-Ponty
(1908–61), defined semiotics as a ‘theory of signification’.
Greimas focused on textual analysis and his narratology was
influenced by the work of Vladimir Propp (1895–1970) and
Lévi-Strauss (notably in relation to binary oppositions and
structural transformation). His contributions to semiotic
methodology include the semiotic square and the seme as the
basic unit of meaning.
Havránek, Bohuslav See Prague school.
Hjelmslev, Louis (1899–1966) Hjelmslev was a structuralist and
formalist linguist who established the Copenhagen school.
While Hjelmslev did accord a privileged status to language,
his ‘glossematics’ included both linguistics and ‘non-linguistic
languages’. He adopted Saussure’s dyadic model of the sign,
though he renamed the signifier as ‘expression’ and the
signified as ‘content’ and stratified the sign into intersecting
planes: content-form, expression-form, content-substance and
expression-substance. Hjelmslev was a major influence on
the structuralism of Greimas and on Eco. To a lesser extent
he was also an influence on Barthes (notably in relation to
connotation and metalanguage) and on Metz.