69249454-chandler-semiotics

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GLOSSARY 247 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7222 reality to nothing more than signifying practices. They criticize as ‘extreme conventionalism’ the stance that theories (and the worlds which they construct) are incommensurable. conventionality A term often used in conjunction with the term arbitrary to refer to the relationship between the signifier and the signified. In the case of a symbolic system such as verbal language this relationship is purely conventional – dependent on social and cultural conventions (rather than in any sense natural). The conventional nature of codes means that they have to be learned (not necessarily formally). See also arbitrariness, primacy of the signifier, relative autonomy. decoding The comprehension and interpretation of texts by decoders with reference to relevant codes. Most commentators assume that the reader actively constructs meaning rather than simply ‘extracting’ it from the text. See also codes, encoding. deconstruction This is a poststructuralist strategy for textual analysis, which was developed by Jacques Derrida. Practitioners seek to dismantle the rhetorical structures within a text to demonstrate how key concepts within it depend on their unstated oppositional relation to absent signifiers. Deconstructionists have also exposed culturally embedded conceptual oppositions in which the initial term is privileged, leaving ‘Term B’ negatively ‘marked’. Radical deconstruction is not simply a reversal of the valorization in an opposition but a demonstration of the instability of such oppositions. See also denaturalization, markedness, analogue oppositions, binary oppositions, paradigmatic analysis. denaturalization The denaturalization of signs and codes is a Barthesian strategy seeking to reveal the socially coded basis of phenomena which are taken for granted as natural. The goal is to make more explicit the underlying rules for encoding and decoding them, and often also to reveal the usually invisible operation of ideological forces. See also deconstruction, naturalization. denotatum Latin term for a referent. In relation to language, the denonatum is extralinguistic as distinct from the signatum (Morris, Jakobson). See also designatum, object, referent.
248 GLOSSARY denotation The term refers to the relationship between the signifier and its signified (or referent). In the pairing denotation/ designation it signifies the relation of reference (Sebeok). In the pairing denotation/connotation, denotation is routinely treated as the definitional, literal, obvious or common-sense meaning of a sign, but semioticians tend to treat it as a signified about which there is a relatively broad consensus. See also connotation, designation, orders of signification. designation refers to the relation of sense or meaning as opposed to denotation (Sebeok). See also meaning, sense. designatum Latin term sometimes used for a referent (Morris, Jakobson). See also denotatum, object, referent. diachronic analysis Diachronic analysis studies change in a phenomenon (such as a code) over time (in contrast to synchronic analysis). Saussure saw the development of language in terms of a series of synchronic states. See also langue and parole, synchronic analysis. différance Derrida coined this term to allude simultaneously to ‘difference’ and ‘deferral’. He deliberately ensured that (in French) the distinction from the word for ‘difference’ was apparent only in writing. Adding to Saussure’s notion of meaning being differential (based on differences between signs), the term is intended to remind us that signs also defer the presence of what they signify through endless substitutions of signifiers. See also deconstruction, transcendent(al) signified, unlimited semiosis. digital signs Digital signs involve discrete units such as words and numerals, in contrast to analogue signs. See also tokens and types. directness of address Modes of address differ in their directness. This is reflected in the use of language (‘you’ may be directly addressed), and in the case of television and photography, in whether or not someone looks directly into the camera lens. See also modes of address. discourse Many contemporary theorists influenced by Michel Foucault treat language as structured into different discourses
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viii CONTENTS Iconic mode 40 Indexi
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PREFACE xv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10
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INTRODUCTION 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222
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14 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS THE SAUSSU
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20 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS signified
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36 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS and their
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40 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS ICONIC MOD
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42 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS represent
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44 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS 1988, 1-3)
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46 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS ‘fixing
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48 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS (which sti
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50 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS From a sem
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SIGNS AND THINGS 61 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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ANALYSING STRUCTURES 85 1 2 3 4 5 6
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ANALYSING STRUCTURES 101 1 2 3 4 5
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124 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS 32). To s
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126 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS idealism
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140 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS signifier
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144 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS of innoce
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CODES 149 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 151 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 153 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 155 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 157 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 159 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 161 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 163 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 165 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 167 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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CODES 171 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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176 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS FIGURE 6.
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Page 232 and 233: PROSPECT AND RETROSPECT 213 1 2 3 4
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Page 247 and 248: 228 APPENDIX Brøndal, Viggo See Co
Page 249 and 250: 230 APPENDIX Jakobson, Roman (1896-
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Page 259 and 260: 240 GOING FURTHER Thibault 1997, Do
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Page 264 and 265: GLOSSARY 245 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 1
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INDEX 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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INDEX 299 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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INDEX 301 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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INDEX 307 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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