69249454-chandler-semiotics

228
APPENDIX
Brøndal, Viggo See Copenhagen school.
Burke, Kenneth* (1897–1993) American rhetorician who identified
metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony as the four
‘master tropes’.
Cassirer, Ernst* (1874–1945) German philosopher who moved to
the USA in 1941. He is best known for The Philosophy of
Symbolic Forms (4 vols), which explores the symbolic forms
underlying human thought, language and culture. He saw
symbolism as distinctively human. His ideas were a key influence
on the emergence of semiotics as a subject of study.
Copenhagen school Structuralist and formalist group of linguists
founded by Danish linguists Hjelmslev and Viggo Brøndal
(1887–1953). Jakobson was associated with this group from
1939–49. Influenced by Saussure, its most distinctive contribution
was a concern with ‘glossematics’. It is a formalist
approach in that it considers semiotic systems without regard
for their social context.
Derrida, Jacques* (b. 1930) French poststructuralist literary
philosopher and linguist who established the critical technique
of deconstruction (applying it, for instance, to Saussure’s
Course), emphasizing the instability of the relationship
between the signifier and the signified and the way in which
the dominant ideology seeks to promote the illusion of a transcendental
signified.
Eco, Umberto (b. 1932) Italian semiotician and novelist. In his
Theory of Semiotics (1976) he sought ‘to combine the structuralist
perspective of Hjelmslev with the cognitive–
interpretative semiotics of Peirce’ (Eco 1999, 251). He introduced
terms such as: ‘unlimited semiosis’ (the Peircean notion
of successive interpretants), ‘closed texts’ and ‘aberrant
decoding’. Hjelmslev’s influence is evident in relation to denotation/connotation
and expression/content.
Eikhenbaum, Boris See Moscow school.
Foucault, Michel* (1926–84) French historian of ideas and poststructuralist
theorist who emphasized power relations and
sought to identify the dominant discourses of specific historical