69249454-chandler-semiotics

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7222 90%+* indoor/outdoor up/down yes/no East/West open/closed wet/dry question/answer true/false major/minor hot/cold reader/writer before/after love/hate top/bottom good/bad cause/effect front/back primary/secondary birth/death presence/absence problem/solution win/lose acceptance/rejection inclusion/exclusion success/failure human/machine right/wrong nature/nurture theory/practice near/far self/other figure/ground rich/poor fact/opinion system/use hero/villain fact/value text/context raw/cooked substance/style base/superstructure knowledge/ignorance fact/fantasy knower/known literal/metaphorical 80%+* on/off public/private male/female high/low parent/child internal/external gain/loss human/animal past/present gay/straight more/less above/below inner/outer thought/feeling life/death subject/object producer/consumer work/play good/evil masculine/feminine health/illness comedy/tragedy insider/outsider happy/sad superior/inferior present/absent clean/dirty natural/artificial speaker/listener classical/romantic type/token nature/technology rights/obligations reason/emotion sacred/profane maker/user 70%+* black/white mind/body left/right positive/negative art/science active/passive light/dark product/system sex/gender static/dynamic liberal/conservative higher/lower teacher/learner war/peace body/soul fact/fiction form/content form/function simple/complex original/copy means/ends appearance/reality competence/performance one/many speech/writing straight/curved signifier/signified central/peripheral wild/domestic stability/change realism/idealism 60%+* adult/child urban/rural product/process horizontal/vertical physical/mental hard/soft fast/slow quantity/quality foreground/background similarity/difference temporary/permanent nature/culture poetry/prose part/whole married/single strong/weak subjective/objective dead/alive shallow/deep competition/cooperation live/recorded head/heart formal/casual structure/agency message/medium form/meaning words/deeds fact/theory words/things 50%+* new/old large/small local/global them/us system/process young/old majority/minority foreign/domestic structure/process order/chaos concrete/abstract words/actions beautiful/ugly individual/society strange/familiar high low *Dominant order as percentage of total occurrences of both forms I N C I D E N C E more marked less marked MARKEDNESS FIGURE 3.3 Markedness of some explicit oppositions in online texts
98 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS young–old). Furthermore, the extent to which a term was marked was variable. Some terms seemed to be far more clearly marked than others: in the pairing public–private, for instance, private was very clearly the marked term (accorded secondary status). How strongly a term is marked also depends on contextual frameworks such as genres and sociolects, and in some contexts a pairing may be very deliberately and explicitly reversed when an interest group seeks to challenge the ideological priorities which the markedness may be taken to reflect. Not all of the pairs listed will seem to be ‘the right way round’ to everyone – you may find it interesting to identify which ones seem counterintuitive to you and to speculate as to why this seems so. The concept of markedness can be applied more broadly than simply to paradigmatic pairings of words or concepts. Whether in textual or social practices, the choice of a marked form ‘makes a statement’. Where a text deviates from conventional expectations it is ‘marked’. Conventional, or ‘over-coded’ text (which follows a fairly predictable formula) is unmarked whereas unconventional or ‘undercoded’ text is marked. Marked or under-coded text requires the interpreter to do more interpretive work. Nor is the existence of marked forms simply a structural feature of semiotic systems. The distinction between norm and deviation is fundamental in socialization (Bruner 1990). Social differentiation is constructed and maintained through the marking of differences. Unmarked forms reflect the naturalization of dominant cultural values. Binary oppositions are almost invariably weighted in favour of the male, silently signifying that the norm is to be male and to be female is to be different. Jakobson observed in 1930 that markedness ‘has a significance not only for linguistics but also for ethnology and the history of culture, and that such historico-cultural correlations as life–death, liberty–nonliberty, sin–virtue, holidays–working days, and so on are always confined to relations a–non-a, and that it is important to find out for any epoch, group, nation etc. what the marked element is’ (Jakobson 1980a, 136). However natural familiar dichotomies and their markedness may seem, their historical origins or phases of dominance can often be traced. For instance, perhaps the most influential dualism in the history of Western civilization can be attributed
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viii CONTENTS Iconic mode 40 Indexi
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PREFACE xv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10
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INTRODUCTION 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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INTRODUCTION 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9
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14 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS THE SAUSSU
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16 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS (ibid., 10
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34 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS It is impo
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36 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS and their
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40 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS ICONIC MOD
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42 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS represent
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44 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS 1988, 1-3)
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CODES 149 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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176 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS FIGURE 6.
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178 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS ‘the 14
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206 SEMIOTICS: THE BASICS Lévi-Str
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PROSPECT AND RETROSPECT 213 1 2 3 4
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228 APPENDIX Brøndal, Viggo See Co
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230 APPENDIX Jakobson, Roman (1896-
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232 APPENDIX (1893-1971). Together
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234 APPENDIX Saussure, Lévi-Straus
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236 GOING FURTHER The main works of
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238 GOING FURTHER LANGUAGE, WRITING
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240 GOING FURTHER Thibault 1997, Do
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GLOSSARY 245 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 1
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INDEX 295 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8222 9 10 1
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