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APPENDIX
Jakobson, Roman (1896–1982) Russian stucturalist and functionalist
linguist. Jakobson was involved in the establishment of
both the Moscow school (in 1915) and the Prague school (in
1926) and he was also associated with the Copenhagen school
from 1939–49. He coined the term ‘structuralism’. His version
of structuralism was partly a reaction against Saussure’s analytical
priorities but from the early 1950s onward he was also
much influenced by Peircean concepts. His key contributions
included: binary oppositions; markedness; the axes of selection–combination,
metaphor–metonymy, and similarity–contiguity;
the code–message distinction; and semiotic functions.
Jakobson influenced the structuralism of Lévi-Strauss and the
early Lacan.
Karcevski, Sergei See Prague school.
Korzybski, Alfred* (1879–1950) The founder of ‘general semantics’,
who declared that ‘the map is not the territory’ and that
‘the word is not the thing’.
Kristeva, Julia (b. 1941) Feminist poststructuralist linguist, psychoanalyst
and cultural theorist whose semanalysis combines semiotics
(both Saussurean and Peircean) and psychoanalysis
(Freud, Lacan and Melanie Klein). Signification for her consists
of a dialectic between ‘the symbolic’ (the ‘translinguistic’
or ‘nonlinguistic’ structure or grammar enabling signification)
and ‘the semiotic’ (le sémiotique, not to be confused with la
sémiotique or semiotics) – the organization of bodily drives
which motivates communication. She also introduced the concept
of intertextuality.
Lacan, Jacques* (1901–81) French psychoanalytical theorist who
sought to undermine the concept of a unified human subject.
He reworked Saussurean concepts in Freudian terms. He
adopted Saussure’s principle of arbitrariness, his differential
relational system and his non-referential view of language.
However, he gave primacy to the signifier rather than the signified,
referring to ‘the incessant sliding of the signified under
the signifier’. His early structuralism evolved into a poststructuralist
stance. Other influences on his work were Lévi-Strauss
and Jakobson (metaphor and metonymy). He is best known