2000115-Strengthening-Communities-with-Neighborhood-Data

Advances in Analytic Methods for Neighborhood Data 353
the paths of previous migrants 7 as a result of information spread within
networks, facilitating mechanisms, assistance, and acceptance of both
migration behavior and the destination (Cadwallader 1992). Although
not directly applicable to the intraurban scale, factors such as information,
social and family networks, and acceptance of a destination among
peers are still important for destination choice (Hedman 2013).
Finally, we must note that aggregate mobility rates per se can affect
the neighborhood, independent of any selective migration that may alter
the neighborhood’s composition. For example, Sampson and colleagues
argue that high mobility rates disrupt social organization and collective
efficacy, thereby affecting community norms and values. They have found
a positive correlation between high turnover rates and criminality levels
in neighborhoods (Sampson and Groves 1989; Sampson et al. 2002).
To sum up this section, research has shown that several dimensions
of the neighborhood affect moving decisions and destination choices
of households, but the ability to put preferences into practice varies
because constraints are more severe for some groups. On the aggregate
level, preferences and constraints produce selective moving patterns and
ultimately produce residential segregation involving neighborhoods of
distinctive demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status. Continued
selective mobility tends to reproduce segregation patterns, but
that result is not a given, as shown by studies of white flight and neighborhood
change, neither does it mean that neighborhoods are static.
The profiles of neighborhoods can sometimes change quickly when outmigration
tipping points are exceeded. And even when their profiles are
not altered, there can be high rates of turnover in even the poorest neighborhoods
(Quillian 2002; Andersson 2008). These dynamic places form
the contexts where neighborhood effects may take place, but extremely
high rates of resident mobility may nullify any effect of context if they
either render individual durations of exposure times insufficient or produce
an inconsistent context to which residents are exposed.
Research Challenges from the Perspective
of the Holistic Model
Thus far we have argued that sufficient empirical evidence exists to suggest
that our holistic approach to neighborhood change, neighborhood
effects, and residential mobility (as embodied in equations 1 to 7) can be