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36 Strengthening Communities with Neighborhood Data
3. Location is almost always defined first by geospatial (latitude–longitude) coordinates,
but it may also be linked to polygons such as parcel layers containing the boundaries
of land as defined by the local government.
4. See also Fleming (2005) and Pettit et al. (2011).
5. As Stoker (1995) states, “In a complex society, the crucial act of power is the
capacity to provide leadership and a mode of operation that enables significant tasks to
be done. This is the power of social production.”
6. Barnes and Foster (2012) propose a set of dimensions and factors of regional
governance that focuses on capacity and purpose.
7. See Martin and Morehead (2013) for a case study on how the Greater Portland
Pulse community indicators projects contribute to various aspects of regional governance.
8. See also Coulton (2008).
9. The Promise Neighborhoods initiative is only one of several new federal programs
that focus on local development and provide similar encouragement for advanced
development and use of information. Others, which are discussed in chapters 5 and 6,
include Sustainable Communities (US Department of Housing and Urban Development
2012) and its umbrella, the Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative (White
House 2011).
10. For additional information about NNIP partners and the network, see www.
neighborhoodindicators.org.
11. Partners estimated the dollar amount that was spent on data intermediary
functions, not the entire organizational budgets.
12. For additional information, see http://www.neighborhoodindicators.org/
partners/about-our-partners.
13. The paragraphs describing the functions of local data intermediaries are
adapted from a strategic review conducted in 2012 (Kingsley, Pettit, and Hendey 2013).
14. Sawicki and Craig (1996) applied this term as a central NNIP principle and
provide a longer exploration of this topic.
15. For additional information, see http://www.savi.org/savi/training.aspx.
References
Barnes, William R., and Kathryn A. Foster. 2012. “Toward a More Useful Way of Understanding
Regional Governance.” Building Resilient Regions working paper. Presented
at the conference of European Urban Research Association, Vienna.
Biglan, Anthony, Christine Cody, William Aldridge II, Alexis Dubroski, and Jean Kjellstrand.
2011. “The Promise Neighborhoods Initiative: Improving Developmental
Outcomes through Comprehensive Interventions.” Journal of the Institute for Comprehensive
Community Development 2 (2): 25–33.
Briggs, Xavier De Souza. 2008. Democracy as Problem Solving: Civic Capacity in Communities
Across the Globe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Comey, Jennifer, Peter A. Tatian, Lesley Freiman, Mary K. Winkler, Christopher Hayes,
Kaitlin Franks, and Reed Jordan. 2013. Measuring Performance: A Guidance Docu-